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101.
Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade
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Ada Sánchez‐Mercado Marianne Asmüssen Kathryn M. Rodríguez‐Clark Jon Paul Rodríguez Wlodzimierz Jedrzejewski 《Conservation biology》2016,30(6):1222-1232
Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co‐occur has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We analyzed patterns in the joint geographical distribution of illegal commercial and subsistence use of multiple wildlife species in Venezuela and evaluated whether available data were sufficient to provide accurate estimates of the magnitude, scope, and detectability of IWU. We compiled records of illegal subsistence hunting and trade from several sources and fitted a random‐forest classification model to predict the spatial distribution of IWUs. From 1969 to 2014, 404 species and 8,340,921 specimens were involved in IWU, for a mean extraction rate of 185,354 individuals/year. Birds were the most speciose group involved (248 spp.), but reptiles had the highest extraction rates (126,414 individuals/year vs. 3,133 individuals/year for birds). Eighty‐eight percent of international trade records spatially overlapped with domestic trade, especially in the north and along the coast but also in western inland areas. The distribution of domestic trade was broadly distributed along roads, suggesting that domestic trade does not depend on large markets in cities. Seventeen percent of domestic trade records overlapped with subsistence hunting, but the spatial distribution of this overlap covered a much larger area than between commercial uses. Domestic trade seems to respond to demand from rural more than urban communities. Our approach will be useful for understanding how IWU works at national scales in other parts of the world. 相似文献
102.
Hallett Chris S. Hobday Alistair J. Tweedley James R. Thompson Peter A. McMahon Kathryn Valesini Fiona J. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(5):1357-1373
Regional Environmental Change - Regions with a Mediterranean climate are generally predicted to become warmer and drier with climate change. Estuaries in these regions are influenced by a broad... 相似文献
103.
De Vela Roger Jay Wigley Kathryn Baronian Kim Gostomski Peter Alan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(31):41881-41895
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The biomass control potential of three metabolic uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), carbonyl cyanide... 相似文献
104.
105.
Andrea M. Dietrich Daniel L. Gallagher Kathryn A. Klawiter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):281-293
ABSTRACT: Inputs of copper‐based crop protectants from tomato fields grown under plastic mulch agriculture (plasticulture) to an estuarine creek were investigated. Copper was measured in runoff from diverse land‐uses including conventional agriculture, plasticulture, residences, and natural areas. Water column and sediment copper concentrations were measured in plasticulture and control (nonagriculture) watersheds. Copper concentrations in plasticulture‐impacted creeks exceeded background levels episodically. High concentrations occurred during or immediately after runoff‐producing rains. Concentrations of 263 μg/L total copper and 126 μg/L dissolved copper were measured in a tidal creek affected by plasticulture; concentrations exceeded the shellfish LC50 values and the water quality criteria of 2.9 μg/L dissolved copper. Control watersheds indicated background water column levels of ≤ 4 μg/L dissolved copper with similar copper levels during periods with and without rain. The copper concentrations in tomato plasticulture field runoff itself contained up to 238 μg/L dissolved copper. Copper concentrations in runoff from other land‐uses were less than 5 μg/L dissolved copper. Creek sediment samples adjacent to a plasticulture field contained significantly higher copper concentrations than sediments taken from nonplasticulture watersheds. 相似文献
106.
An increasing trend towards the use of sustainable processes has led to recycled materials being incorporated into concrete. It is generally recognised that crushed recycled construction aggregate material produces concrete of a lower compressive strength, when used as an aggregate replacement due to deleterious materials within the aggregate.It is generally accepted that in the UK, freeze/thaw attack is, after chloride-induced corrosion, the most common cause of concrete deterioration. This paper addresses the freeze/thaw durability of recycled aggregate concrete using a paired comparison test based upon weight loss and final compressive strength.Recycled aggregate concrete was found to be of at least equal durability to concrete manufactured with virgin aggregates. This was due to careful selection of the replacement aggregate and treatment prior to batching.Durability is an important material property and recycled aggregates need to be widely tested to gain confidence for use within the industry and this work shows future possibilities. 相似文献
107.
Rebecca M. Ford Kathryn J. H. Williams Ian D. Bishop John E. Hickey 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1149-1162
The effects of viewing different types of information were investigated in people judging the social acceptability of alternative
forest harvest systems. Approximately 500 Tasmanians were shown still-simulated images of four harvest systems (a clearfell
system, two aggregated retention systems, and a selective system) and were asked to judge their acceptability. Individual
interviews were conducted with 12 of the participants. It was anticipated that people holding different beliefs about the
consequences of harvesting would have different responses to information. Cluster analysis was used to group participants
according to these beliefs. Responses to still images were compared with responses to two other types of information: information
about consequences of the harvest systems in the form of indicator symbols, and information about regeneration over time,
presented as visual animations. The effects of information differed across both harvest system and belief cluster groups of
participants. The largest effects of information occurred in people who held a mix of beliefs about consequences. Within this
group, participants who viewed the indicators rated a 30% aggregated retention system higher and selective harvesting lower,
than those who did not view the indicators. Viewing animated sequences led to slightly higher ratings of the more intensive
harvest systems and significantly lower ratings of the selective harvest system than those based on the still images. The
interview data provided examples of interviewees viewing information critically against their own values and beliefs. Only
some interviewees appeared to use it in judging social acceptability 相似文献
108.
109.
Kathryn J. Bowen Kristie Ebi Sharon Friel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(7):1033-1040
Effectively addressing the health risks of climate change necessitates an active crosssectoral approach because health risks arise predominantly via sectors such as water, agriculture and energy. Much has been written on climate change and its impact on health, but little attention has focused on the realpolitik of how to progress the development and implementation of health-relevant strategies and policies to reduce this impact. The objective of this paper is to propose three solutions to address current deficiencies: i) strengthening the capacity and understanding of health officials in relation to climate change and health; ii) improving cross-sectoral partnerships with sectors relevant to climate change and health, and iii) identifying organisations influential in the development of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies, with a view to better target advocacy efforts. Practical examples of each solution are provided. In conclusion, as a steward of public health, the health sector must take the initiative to encourage a cross-sectoral approach that includes capacity development, coupled with an understanding of influential organisations. If this is done effectively, health, social and economic development goals can be reached more efficiently. 相似文献
110.
Levy J Birck MD Mutiti S Kilroy KC Windeler B Idris O Allen LN 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(8):1960-1971
The spatial and temporal variability of riverbed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K(v)) was investigated at a site of induced infiltration, associated with a municipal well field, to assess the impact of high-stage events on scour and subsequently the riverbed K(v). Such impacts are important when considering the potential loss of riverbank filtration capacity due to storm events. The study site, in and along the Great Miami River in southwest Ohio, overlaid a highly productive glacial-outwash aquifer. A three-layer model for this system was conceptualized: a top layer of transient sediment, a second layer comprising large sediment resistant to scour, but clogged with finer sediment (the armor/colmation layer), and a third layer that was transitional to the underlying higher-K(v) aquifer. One location was studied in detail to confirm and quantify the conceptual model. Methods included seepage meters, heat-flow modeling, grain-size analyses, laboratory permeameter tests, slug tests and the use of scour chains and pressure-load cells to directly measure the amount of sediment scour and re-deposition. Seepage meter measured riverbed K(v) ranged from 0.017 to 1.7 m/d with a geometric mean of 0.19 m/d. Heat-transport model-calibrated estimates were even lower, ranging from 0.0061 to 0.046 m/d with a mean of 0.017 m/d. The relatively low K(v) was indicative of the clogged armor layer. In contrast, slug tests in the underlying riverbed sediment yielded K(v) values an order of magnitude greater. There was a linear relationship between scour chain measured scour and event intensity with a maximum scour of only 0.098 m. Load-cell pressure sensor data over a 7-month period indicated a total sediment-height fluctuation of 0.42 m and a maximum storm-event scour of 0.28 m. Scour data indicated that the assumed armor/colmation layer almost always remained intact. Based on measured layer conductivities and thicknesses, the overall K(v) of this conceptualized system was 1.6 m/d. Sensitivity analyses indicated that even complete scour of the armor/colmation layer would likely increase the overall K(v) only by a factor of 1.5. Most scour events observed removed only the transient sediment, having very little effect on the entire system indicating low risk of losing filtration capacity during storms. The research, however, focused on the point bar, depositional side of the river. More research of the entire river profile is necessary. 相似文献