环境样品中多氯联苯的生物检测方法研究进展

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一种环境中广泛存在的典型的持久性有毒有机污染物.对人类和环境产生了许多有害影响.随着对多氯联苯的研究越来越广泛,其监测方法研究发展得也很快.本文综述了近些年来国内外 采用的多种多氯联苯的分析方法.特别介绍了酶联免疫法、生物传感器法、荧光免疫PCR等近年来发展迅速的检测技术的研究情况.比较了各种免疫...     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of PM2.5 transport fluxes of typical inland and coastal cities in China

Local pollution and the cross-boundary transmission of pollutants between cities have an inevitable impact on the atmosphere. Quantitative assessments of the contribution of transport to pollution in inland and coastal cities are necessary for the implementation of practical, regional, and joint emission control strategies. In this study, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx), together with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), was used to simulate the contributions to pollution of different cities in 2016. The monthly inflow, outflow, and net flux from the ground to the extended layers served as the three main indicators for the analysis of the interactions of PM_2.5 transport between adjacent cities. Between inland and coastal cities, the magnitude of inflow and outflow are larger in the former than in the latter. The inflow flux in the inland cities (Beijing and Shijiazhuang) was 10.6 and 10.7 kt/day, respectively, while that in the coastal cities (Tianjin, Shanghai, Hefei, Nanjing, and Hangzhou) was 9.1, 3.3, 5.8, 4.4, and 3.7 kt/day, respectively. In terms of variation over the year, the strongest inflow in the BTH region occurred in April, followed by October, July, and January, while that in the coastal cities in YRD occurred in January, followed by October, April, and July. Therefore, based on the flux intensity calculations and the transport flux pathways, effective joint control measures can be provided with scientific support, and a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanism among inland and coastal cities can be acquired.     

石家庄市冬季一次重污染过程分析与反馈效应研究

为深入探究高ρ（PM_2.5）地区重污染过程的发展变化规律,以石家庄市一次重污染过程（2017年1月13-20日）为例,结合空气质量监测数据、PM_2.5组分测试数据、气象观测资料,从重污染发展阶段（简称"P1阶段"）、维持阶段（简称"P2阶段"）和清除阶段（简称"P3阶段"）分析PM_2.5及其化学组分的变化特征、气象条件和高低空天气形势演变特征,并利用WRF-Chem模型定量研究重污染过程气溶胶反馈效应对典型气象要素的影响.结果表明:①此次重污染过程属于逐步累积增长、快速清除型,在P2阶段ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为241.0 μg/m3,最大值为367.5 μg/m3.②P1和P2阶段高低空大气环流配置稳定,大气边界层高度范围为620.6~712.2 m,风速范围为1.3~2.5 m/s,相对湿度范围为60%~80%.③P2阶段SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）均为0.3,ρ（SNA）（SNA为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的统称）为128.8 μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的56.2%;OM[有机质,ρ（OM）=ρ（POA）+ρ（SOA）,其中,POA为一次有机气溶胶,SOA为二次有机气溶胶]是除SNA以外的第二大组分,在P1和P3阶段ρ（POA）大于ρ（SOA）,而在P2阶段ρ（SOA）与ρ（POA）相等,均为28.0 μg/m3,表明在重污染过程中二次污染严重;整个污染过程ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为1.0,表明石家庄市移动源和固定源对ρ（PM_2.5）贡献相当.④WRF-Chem模型模拟结果表明,太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度受气溶胶反馈效应的影响在P2阶段的下降量分别为75.1 W/m2、2.7℃和109.9 m,比P1阶段分别高33.6%、91.4%和18.6%,比P3阶段分别高147.0%、305.3%和24.1%.研究显示,此次静稳天气下的重污染过程二次污染严重,气溶胶反馈效应整体使得太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度均向不利于污染扩散的趋势发展,造成石家庄市的ρ（PM_2.5）进一步增加.      

鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落结构

本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖入湖河口14处沉积物的真菌群落结构特征.测序得到的314条真菌OTU分属于9个门,25个纲,49个目,62个科,62个属和117个种.在OTU分类水平上,鄱阳湖主要支流入湖河口中除饶河、赣江南支和修水具有相近的真菌群落结构外,其它河口之间群落结构差异较大;真菌群落丰度、多样性与沉积物p H、有机碳、有机氮和C/N等环境因子没有显著相关性.在门分类水平上,丰度(序列数比例)最高的是子囊菌门(Ascomycota,49.4%),其次为壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,20.4%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,17.8%).与其它河口相比,赣江河口沉积物的水生环境真菌Chytridiomycota丰度显著较高,抚河河口沉积物的陆生环境真菌Basidiomycota丰度显著较高.有机碳是影响鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落门分类组成的主要环境因子,与Basidiomycota相对丰度正相关,与Chytridiomycota负相关,与Ascomycota相关性较弱.     

改性磁性纳米颗粒固定内生菌Bacillus nealsonii吸附废水中Cd2+的特性研究

从重金属超累积植物龙葵体内提取内生菌Bacillus nealsonii,采用二氧化硅改性纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒与海藻酸钠将其包埋交联进行固定化,制得一种新型球状生物吸附剂,并应用于废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附处理.同时,通过正交实验研究了该球状生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件和吸附处理条件,并采用扫描电镜等表征手段与构建吸附动力学考察了其吸附特征.结果表明,球状生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件为:改性纳米Fe3O4颗粒质量分数为0.1%,海藻酸钠质量分数为8.0%,菌液接种量为0.4%,交联时间为2 h;其最佳吸附处理条件为p H=6、吸附时间12 h、吸附剂用量(干重)2.5 g·L-1,在Cd~(2+)初始浓度为50 mg·L-1时的吸附率可达96%以上.研究发现,球状生物吸附剂的内外部结构孔隙率较大,有利于促进Cd~(2+)的吸附.该吸附过程遵循准二级反应动力学,以化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大单分子吸附量可达13.02 mg·g-1.解吸实验结果表明,该吸附剂具有较好的可重复利用性.     

Fabric-filter-supported catalyst for removal of harmful solid and gaseous compounds in municipal waste incinerator exhaust gas: characteristics of NO x reduction

We have investigated a fabric-filter-supported catalyst for removing harmful solid and gaseous compounds simultaneously from municipal incinerator exhaust gas. We studied the ways in which the efficiency of NO _x removal is influenced by filter temperature, gas flow rate, and catalyst content. The reduction of the catalyst content by mechanical reverse washing was investigated, and the state of the catalyst supported in the fabric filter was also observed using a scanning electron microscope. The catalyst supported by the fabric filter showed a removal efficiency above 75% when the filter temperature was 200°C, the gas flow rate was 1 m/min, and the catalyst content of the fabric filter was above 300 g/m². The catalyst was supported uniformly on the fibers of the fabric filter, and fine catalyst particles remained on the fibers after mechanical reverse washing. Received: October 15, 1997 / Accepted: March 19, 1999     

Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions and their soil-related determining factors in an agricultural field

To evaluate spatial variability of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and to elucidate their determining factors on a field-scale basis, N2O fluxes and various soil properties were evaluated in a 100- x 100-m onion (Allium cepa L.) field. Nitrous oxide fluxes were determined by a closed chamber method from the one-hundred 10- x 10-m plots. Physical (e.g., bulk density and water content), chemical (e.g., total N and pH), and biological (e.g., microbial biomass C and N) properties were determined from surface soil samples (0-0.1 m) of each plot. Geostatistical analysis was performed to examine spatial variability of both N2O fluxes and soil properties. Multivariate analysis was also conducted to elucidate relationships between soil properties and observed fluxes. Nitrous oxide fluxes were highly variable (average 331 microg N m(-2) h(-1), CV 217%) and were log-normally distributed. Log-transformed N2O fluxes had moderate spatial dependence with a range of >75 m. High N2O fluxes were observed at sites with relatively low elevation. Multivariate analysis indicated that an organic matter factor and a pH factor of the principal component analysis were the main soil-related determining factors of log-transformed N2O fluxes. By combining multivariate analysis with geostatistics, a map of predicted N2O fluxes closely matched the spatial pattern of measured fluxes. The regression equation based on the soil properties explained 56% of the spatially structured variation of the log-transformed N2O fluxes. Site-specific management to regulate organic matter content and water status of a soil could be a promising means of reducing N2O emissions from agricultural fields.     

Residential environmental evaluation of local cities considering regional characteristic and personal residential preference-a case study of Saga City, Japan

Questionnaire surveys and subjective evaluations on residential environment were performed in order to grasp the main factors of residential environment of small local cities. The suitable evaluation index system was established, and the regional residential environment characteristics and personal residential preference types were analyzed, so that their influence on residential environment evaluation could be grasped. The results can be applied to the residential environment planning, construction and monitoring of local cities.     

Simultaneous determination of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler

We developed a method to analyze atmospheric SO(x) (particulate SO(4)(2-)+ gaseous SO(2)) and NO(x) (NO + NO(2)) simultaneously using a battery-operated portable filter pack sampler. NO(x) determination using a filter pack method is new. SO(x) and NO(x) were collected on a Na(2)CO(3) filter and PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) + TEA (triethanolamine) filters (6 piled sheets), respectively. Aqueous solutions were then used to extract pollutants trapped by the filters and the resulting extracts were pre-cleaned (e.g. elimination of PTIO) and analyzed for sulfate and nitrite by ion chromatography. Recoveries of SO(2) and NO(x) from standard pollutant gases and consistency of the field data with those from other instrumental methods were examined to evaluate our method. SO(x) and NO(x) could be analyzed accurately with determination limits of 0.2 ppbv and 1.0 ppbv (as daily average concentrations), respectively. The sampler can determine SO(x) and NO(x) concentrations at mountainous or remote sites without needing an electric power supply.     

Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study

The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies.