A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models, including tracer methods, the brute-force method (BFM), decoupled direct method (DDM), high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), response surface models (RSMs) and so on forth, have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants. These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms. However, differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported. For example, the tracer method is suitable for the study of simplified scenarios, while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants. Multiple observation techniques, including conventional air pollutant observation, lidar observation, air sounding balloons, vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology, aerial surveys, and remote sensing observations, have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec. In addition, based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories, the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics. Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy, while modeling technologies are more flexible in spatial resolution and research plan setting. In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants, it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive verification of observation and simulation. Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scientific basis for regional joint prevention and control.     

水化学指标和空间距离对乐安江浮游细菌群落的影响

为了解乐安江水体浮游细菌群落特征,探讨水化学指标和空间距离对浮游细菌群落的影响,本研究分别于枯水期(2016年12月)和丰水期(2017年7月)对乐安江15个采样点表层水样进行采集.检测了水体NO~-_3-N、 NH~+_4-N、 TP、 DOC、 SO■、 Cl~-、 Cu、 Zn等水化学指标,运用高通量测序技术确定水体浮游细菌群落特征,Mantel Test分析了水化学指标、空间距离(采样点干流长度、平均河网长度、累计河网长度和流域子面积)与细菌群落之间的关系.结果表明:①乐安江水体浮游细菌群落丰富度和多样性丰水期均高于枯水期,丰富度随流向逐渐升高,多样性下游最高,中游最低.②枯水期丰度最高的细菌门类是Proteobacteria,其次是Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria,枯水期Proteobacteria中下游显著高于上游,Bacteroidetes中下游显著低于上游,Actinobacteria上游显著高于中下游.丰水期丰度最高的细菌门类是Actinobacteria,其次是Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria,丰水期Actinobacteria丰度先降低后升高,中游丰度显著低于下游,其他河段无显著差异,Proteobacteria丰度随流向逐渐降低,Cyanobacteria丰度中游最高,并且显著高于下游地区.③非淡水细菌占所有细菌丰度的比例沿流向逐渐增加,丰水期均值(62.94%)显著高于枯水期(49.33%).④NO~-_3-N是与浮游细菌群落相关性最高的水化学指标,干流长度是与浮游细菌群落相关性最高的空间距离指标.⑤水化学指标和空间距离与乐安江浮游细菌群落都有显著相关性,并且水化学指标对浮游细菌群落的影响要高于空间距离.本研究为鄱阳湖和乐安江流域水生态环境保护提供了科学依据.     

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on fine particle (PM2.5) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.     

Determination of 3,4-dichlorinated biphenyl in soil samples by real-time immuno-PCR assay

A real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-polymerase chain reaction (RT-IPCR) assay was developed for the detection of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener in soil samples. Based on the construction of 3,4-dichlorinated biphenyl (IUPAC PCB12) hapten and its immunogen, the specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) to PCB12 was obtained and used to develop a direct competitive RT-IPCR assay. Using the optimized assay, a standard curve for PCB12 was prepared. The linear range for the determination of PCB12 was from 10.0 to 1.0 × 10⁶ fg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and a detection limit of 1.53 fg/mL. The RT-IPCR assays were tested for their cross-reactivity profiles using four selected congeners and four Aroclor products. The results for the soil samples correlated with the concentrations of PCBs obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This highly specific, sensitive, and robust assay can be applied to on-site tests of PCBs and serve as a model for other pollutant immunoassays.     

Toxicity and metabolism of copper pyrithione and its degradation product, 2,2'-dipyridyldisulfide in a marine polychaete

We conducted acute toxicity tests and sediment toxicity tests for copper pyrithione (CuPT) and a metal pyrithione degradation product, 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide [(PS)₂], using a marine polychaete Perinereis nuntia. The acute toxicity tests yielded 14-d LC₅₀ concentrations for CuPT and (PS)₂ of 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and 7.9 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Sediment toxicity tests resulted in 14-d LC₅₀ concentrations for CuPT and (PS)₂ of 1.1 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. and 14 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt., respectively. In addition to mortality, sediment avoidance behavior and decreases in animal growth rate were observed; growth rate was the most susceptible endpoint in the sediment toxicity tests of both toxicants. Thus, we propose lowest observed effect concentrations of 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. and 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. for CuPT and (PS)₂, respectively, and no observed effect concentrations of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. for both CuPT and (PS)₂. The difference in the toxicity values between CuPT and (PS)₂ observed in the acute toxicity test was greater than the difference in these values in the sediment toxicity test, and we attribute this to (PS)₂ being more hydrophilic than CuPT. In addition to the toxicity tests, we analyzed conjugation activity of several polychaete enzymes to the toxicants and marked activity of palmitoyl coenzyme-A:biocides acyltransferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase was observed.     

羧甲基-β环糊精对锑-萘复合污染土壤的淋洗修复效果及机制

为了探究羧甲基-β-环糊精（CMCD）对重金属锑（Sb）-萘（Nap）复合污染土壤的淋洗效果及修复机理,采用批量振荡淋洗和实际土柱淋洗的方法,比较了不同条件下的淋洗效果.结果表明,10 g·L^-1的CMCD淋洗效果最好,在pH=4时更有利于其对锑和萘的吸附,最大去除率分别达到94.82%和93.59%.土柱淋洗实验表明,淋洗速率为2 mL·min^-1时效果最好,且间隔淋洗效果略好于连续淋洗,污染物穿透曲线则表明CMCD对萘的吸附迁移作用更大.对淋洗前后的环糊精材料采用3种方式进行表征, FTIR检测结果表明CMCD主要通过表面的羧基、羟基与Sb络合从而将其吸附去除;核磁氢谱和热重分析结果表明CMCD的空腔与萘发生了包合作用.因此,本研究证明CMCD主要通过表面基团络合-Sb、内部空腔包合-萘的方式修复复合污染土壤,可作为性能良好的淋洗剂应用于重金属与多环芳烃复合污染土壤修复工艺中,为环糊精在场地复合污染修复的应用提供一定的理论和参数支持.     

Differences in the Spatial Variability Among CO2, CH4, and N2O Gas Fluxes from an Urban Forest Soil in Japan

The spatial variability of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from forest soil with high nitrogen (N) deposition was investigated at a rolling hill region in Japan. Gas fluxes were measured on July 25th and December 5th, 2008 at 100 points within a 100 × 100 m grid. Slope direction and position influenced soil characteristics and site-specific emissions were found. The CO₂ flux showed no topological difference in July, but was significantly lower in December for north-slope with coniferous trees. Spatial dependency of CH₄ fluxes was stronger than that of CO₂ or N₂O and showed a significantly higher uptake in hill top, and emissions in the valley indicating strong influence of water status. N₂O fluxes showed no spatial dependency and exhibited high hot spots at different topology in July and December. The high N deposition led to high N₂O fluxes and emphasized the spatial variability.     

Meep在烧结机机头除尘的应用

对烧结机粉尘进行了综合分析,结合Meep技术的特点,阐述了其对烧结机机头粉尘的适应性,是目前烧结机机头除尘排放达标、节能降耗的有效除尘技术.     

Fungal hydroxylation of polychlorinated naphthalenes with chlorine migration by wood rotting fungi

Biodegradation of the polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) 1,4-dichloronaphthalene (1,4-DCN), 2,7-dichloronaphthalene (2,7-DCN), and 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene (1,2,3,4-TCN), by the white-rot fungus Phlebia lindtneri was investigated. 1,4-DCN was metabolized to form six metabolites by the fungus. It was estimated from GC–MS fragment patterns that the metabolites were four putative hydroxylated and two dihydrodihydroxylated compounds. One of the hydroxylated products was identified as 2,4-dichloro-1-naphthol by GC–MS analysis using an authentic standard. This intermediate indicated chlorine migration in a biological system of P. lindtneri. 2,7-DCN was metabolized to five hydroxylated metabolites and a dihydrodihydroxylated metabolite. Significant inhibition of the degradation of DCNs and formation of their metabolic products was observed in incubation with the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. The formation of the dihydrodiol-like metabolites, chlorine migration and the experiment with P-450 inhibitor suggested that P. lindtneri provides hydroxyl metabolites via benzene oxide intermediates of DCNs by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. In addition, P. lindtneri degraded 1,2,3,4-TCN; two hydroxylated compounds and a dihydrodihydroxylated compound were formed.     

面料性能对防静电无尘服热湿舒适性的影响

本文主要探索了面料性能对防静电无尘服热湿舒适性的影响。选择了两种常用的防静电无尘服面料,对其组织结构、厚度、经纬密度、透气性、透湿性进行测试。将这两种面料制成防静电无尘服,进行真人着装实验。实验是模拟工人的活动,先静坐30min,然后是30min的低速行走,最后又休息30min,在这个过程中测量了上臂、前胸、大腿、小腿的皮肤表面温度和前胸的湿度。实验在恒温恒湿气候室内进行,温湿度分别为22±1℃,55±5%RH。结果表明密度小、透气性好的面料制作的服装平均皮肤温度以及湿度变化都比较小,在轻度劳动下服装微气候的环境比较稳定。