Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds

Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene eXpression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wild-type rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M=methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X=Br, Cl ), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (% of TCDD(max)) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency.     

兰州市污水处理厂中典型抗生素的污染特征研究

以9种磺胺类、4种氟喹诺酮类以及1种氯霉素为目标物,调查研究了它们在兰州市两个生活污水处理厂中的含量水平和去除特性,初步评估了其在受纳水体中的环境风险.结果表明:污水处理厂进水和出水中均有抗生素检出,浓度差别较大,进水中抗生素浓度在nd~55.25μg·L~(-1)之间,出水中浓度在nd~9.78μg·L~(-1)之间,脱水污泥中抗生素的平均浓度高于活性污泥;抗生素在整个污水处理工艺中的去除率为15.39%~100%,生物转化或降解作用是二级处理过程中的主要去除机制;污水处理厂排水增加了受纳水体中抗生素的浓度,是受纳水体中抗生素的来源之一,环境中低浓度、多种抗生素长期残留,存在较大的潜在风险.     

平煤集团坑口电厂除尘设施的技术改造

平煤集团坑口电厂原有文丘里水膜除尘器不能使排放烟尘达标排放 ,在保留原有两台文丘里水膜除尘器基础上 ,并在其前串联两台单室二电场静电除尘器 ,经改造后 ,电除尘 文丘里水膜除尘串联组合技术总除尘效率达 99 9% ,排放浓度为 10 3mg/Nm3,实现了达标排放     

京津冀地区典型城市大气细颗粒物碳质组分污染特征及来源

为研究京津冀地区典型城市大气细颗粒物及其碳质组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2016年12月28日—2017年1月22日及2017年7月1—26日,对北京市与石家庄市PM_2.5（细颗粒物）及PM₁（亚微米颗粒物）进行采集,使用DRI（热光碳分析仪）检测PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）,并对其碳质组分来源进行分析.结果表明:①采样期间,冬、夏两季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）均为石家庄市采样点远高于北京市采样点;冬季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（EC）均为石家庄市采样点高于北京市采样点,夏季则略有不同.②冬季污染日,北京市采样点ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）均为石家庄市采样点的1.08倍,PM_2.5与PM₁中的ρ（OC）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.14和1.12倍,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（EC）分别为北京市采样点的1.15和1.28倍;冬季重污染日,北京市采样点的ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.03和1.04倍,PM_2.5和PM₁中的ρ（OC）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.23和1.22倍,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5和PM₁中的ρ（EC）分别为北京市采样点的1.03和1.16倍.夏季污染日,石家庄市采样点ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）分别为北京市采样点的1.16和1.30倍,PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）分别为北京市采样点的1.64和2.71倍,两个采样点ρ（EC）相近.③冬、夏两季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（SOC）/ρ（OC）均较高,冬季北京市采样点分别为48.09%和54.29%,石家庄市采样点分别为44.98%和48.09%,夏季北京市采样点分别为48.47%和61.50%,石家庄市采样点分别为61.52%和63.55%,表明SOC更易富集于亚微米粒子中.④冬季北京市和石家庄市两个采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分均主要来源于生物质燃烧、燃煤和机动车尾气;夏季北京市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分主要来源于机动车尾气,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气.研究显示,北京市和石家庄市两个采样点大气细颗粒物及其碳质组分浓度存在时空分布和污染来源差异.      

大别山1846 — 2010年干湿变化记录——来自树轮宽度的证据

中国亚热带地区树轮气候学研究已取得较大进展,但气候重建基本都集中在温度方面,基于树轮宽度的水文气候研究鲜有成果,不利于全面理解亚热带地区历史气候变化特征。本文基于北亚热带大别山地区黄山松树轮宽度年表与气候要素的相关分析,发现树轮宽度指数与上一年4—7月平均相对湿度显著负相关（r=?0.68,p<0.01）。在此基础上,重建了大别山地区1846—2010年4—7月平均相对湿度变化历史。重建序列方差解释量达到46.4%（调整自由度后为45.3%）。在整个重建时段中存在3个湿润期（1891—1903,1905—1921和1950—1993年）和3个干旱期（1868—1890,1922—1934和1994—2005年）。同时,重建序列与采样地周边区域旱涝指数以及天目山的相对湿度重建序列在年代际尺度上高度相关,说明过去165年间中国东南亚热带较大区域范围内的干湿变化在年代际尺度上较为同步。空间分析结果表明重建序列也能够在一定程度上指示研究区及周边较大区域范围内的土壤湿度变化。综上,利用树轮宽度指标重建的大别山的相对湿度变化为研究亚热带地区干湿演化历史提供了参考依据,完善了时间尺度上亚热带地区相对湿度数据,同时也证实了亚热带1990年以后干旱化趋势的出现。     

阳离子凝胶吸附和回收水中的Cr(Ⅵ)

以三乙烯四胺、二甲胺和甲醛为单体、戊二醛为交联剂,以溶液缩聚-交联法制备了一种高等电点、高阳离子度的阳离子凝胶吸附剂.通过核磁共振碳谱、表面zeta电位和扫描电镜分析探讨了阳离子凝胶吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的机理和行为特点,通过静态和动态吸附实验评估了凝胶的吸附能力和再生效果,最后探索了铬的回收.研究表明,阳离子凝胶的等电点为10.2,pH=3时阳离子度达3.9 mmol·g~(-1),其对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的大容量吸附主要基于凝胶网络上数量众多的质子化胺基与Cr(Ⅵ)间的静电作用.阳离子凝胶对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力远高于Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)等金属离子且不受SO_4~(2-)、NO~-_3、Cl~-等阴离子影响.吸附过程中,Cr(Ⅵ)扩散进入凝胶内部与阳离子吸附位点相结合并最终达到动态吸附-脱附平衡.在动态吸附实验中阳离子凝胶同样具有良好的吸附能力,尽管再生后凝胶对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量有所降低,但采用灼烧灰化的方法则可完全回收凝胶所吸附的Cr(Ⅵ).     

Decolorization of mixtures of different reactive textile dyes by the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete sordida and inhibitory effect of polyvinyl alcohol

We tried to decolorize mixtures of four reactive textile dyes, including azo and anthraquinone dyes, by a white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete sordida. P. sordida decolorized dye mixtures (200 mg l-1 each) by 90% within 48 h in nitrogen-limited glucose-ammonium media. Decolorization of dye mixtures needed Mn2+ and Tween 80 in the media. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) played a major role in dye decolorization by P. sordida. Decolorization of dye mixtures by P. sordida was partially inhibited by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that wastewaters from textile industries often contain. This was caused by an inhibitory effect of PVA on the decolorization of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) with MnP reaction system. Second addition of Tween 80 to the reaction mixtures in the presence of PVA improved the decolorization of RR120. These results suggest that PVA could interfere with lipid peroxidation or subsequent attack to the dye.     

Prenatal diagnosis of atelosteogenesis type I at 21 weeks' gestation

We describe prenatal diagnosis in a male fetus at 21 weeks of gestation with atelosteogenesis type I (AO I). Fetal ultrasonography (US) revealed absent or deficient ossification of the posterior neural arches of the thoracic spine, humeri, radii, ulnae, fibulae, and short tubular bones other than the distal phalanges, in addition to extremely short, thick femora. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using an ultrafast imaging sequence depicted dysmorphic features, pulmonary hypoplasia, and large cisterna magna. Postmortem radiographs warranted a diagnosis of AO I. Autopsy corroborated not only pulmonary hypoplasia but also laryngeal stenosis. The chondro-osseous histological findings were consistent with those of AO I. Meticulous evaluation using fetal US and MRI permits a definitive prenatal diagnosis of AO I to be made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浙江省环境检测市场化管理探索与实践

社会环境检测力量是我国环境监测工作重要而有益的补充,阐述了浙江省环境检测市场化调研结果及存在问题,总结了浙江省在推进"行业自律"和"两个自愿"为原则的市场化检测能力评估工作的实践,旨在为各地开展环境检测市场化管理提供参考。