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991.
Franke Alastair Falk Knud Hawkshaw Kevin Ambrose Skip Anderson David L. Bente Peter J. Booms Travis Burnham Kurt K. Ekenstedt Johan Fufachev Ivan Ganusevich Sergey Johansen Kenneth Johnson Jeff A. Kharitonov Sergey Koskimies Pertti Kulikova Olga Lindberg Peter Lindström Berth-Ove Mattox William G. McIntyre Carol L. Mechnikova Svetlana Mossop Dave Møller Søren Nielsen Ólafur K. Ollila Tuomo Østlyngen Arve Pokrovsky Ivan Poole Kim Restani Marco Robinson Bryce W. Rosenfield Robert Sokolov Aleksandr Sokolov Vasiliy Swem Ted Vorkamp Katrin 《Ambio》2020,49(3):762-783
Ambio - The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) are top avian predators of Arctic ecosystems. Although existing monitoring efforts are well established for both... 相似文献
992.
Creating a habitat classification and mapping system for marine and coastal ecosystems is a daunting challenge due to the
complex array of habitats that shift on various spatial and temporal scales. To meet this challenge, several countries have,
or are developing, national classification systems and mapping protocols for marine habitats. To be effectively applied by
scientists and managers it is essential that classification systems be comprehensive and incorporate pertinent physical, geological,
biological, and anthropogenic habitat characteristics. Current systems tend to provide over-simplified conceptual structures
that do not capture biological habitat complexity, marginalize anthropogenic features, and remain largely untested at finer
scales. We propose a multi-scale hierarchical framework with a particular focus on finer scale habitat classification levels
and conceptual schematics to guide habitat studies and management decisions. A case study using published data is included
to compare the proposed framework with existing schemes. The example demonstrates how the proposed framework’s inclusion of
user-defined variables, a combined top-down and bottom-up approach, and multi-scale hierarchical organization can facilitate
examination of marine habitats and inform management decisions. 相似文献
993.
Isaac Luginaah Kevin Smith Ada Lockridge 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(3):353-370
This study examines the perceptions and coping strategies of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation, which is surrounded by ‘Chemical Valley’, the largest complex of petrochemical plants in Canada. Analysis of in-depth interviews showed that residents perceive ‘Mother Earth to be sick’; however, a strong level of community cohesion prevails, with ‘place’ as a significant anchor to the culture and history of the community. Residents articulated a collective sense of responsibility for the well-being of members both within and surrounding the community, whereby some residents would never leave, regardless of the toxic environment and concern for high rates of cancer and respiratory diseases among both adults and children. Residents employed action-focused coping strategies such as ‘indoor evacuation’ and the ‘Cop-sniff test’, and emotional coping strategies including blocking out the effects of ‘Chemical Valley’ by frequently ignoring warning sirens from industry. The results call on the need for a collaborative environmental planning intervention involving clear community participation. Findings suggest the need for an indoor recreational facility for both children and adults, and a graded warning system. 相似文献
994.
Acidification of soils and surface waters caused by acid deposition is still a major problem in southern Scandinavia, despite
clear signs of recovery. Besides emission control, liming of lakes, streams, and wetlands is currently used to ameliorate
acidification in Sweden. An alternative strategy is forest soil liming to restore the acidified upland soils from which much
acidified runoff originates. This cost–benefit analysis compared these liming strategies with a special emphasis on the time
perspective for expected benefits. Benefits transfer was used to estimate use values for sport ffishing and nonuse values in terms of existence values. The results show that large-scale forest soil liming is not socioeconomically profitable, while
lake liming is, if it is done efficiently—in other words, if only acidified surface waters are treated. The beguiling logic
of “solving” an environmental problem at its source (soils), rather than continuing to treat the symptoms (surface waters),
is thus misleading. 相似文献
995.
This study analyses the relation of forest cover and stream flow on the 266 km2 Koga watershed in a headwater of Blue Nile Basin using both observed hydrological data and community perception. The watershed
declined from 16% forest cover in 1957 to 1% by 1986. The hydrological record did not reveal changes in the flow regime between
1960 and 2002 despite the reduction in forest area. This agrees with the perception of the downstream community living near
the gauging station. The upstream community, however, reported both decreases in low flows and increases in high flows shortly
after the forest cover was reduced. The upstream deforestation effect appeared to have been buffered by a wetland lower in
the watershed. This study concludes that community perception can be a complement to observational data for better understanding
how forest cover influences the flow regime. 相似文献
996.
997.
Ramsey K 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(6):1972-1980
A tension exists at the heart of efforts to support collaboration with GIS. Many scholars and practitioners seek to support two separate objectives: (1) problem solving and (2) the exploration of diverse problem understandings. GIS applications designed for problem solving often pre-define the problem space by structuring the kind of information that can be considered or the way in which the problem is conceptualized. In doing so, they necessarily privilege particular perspectives and understandings of the problem while marginalizing others. As a result, these initiatives undermine their second objective. This is problematic in the context of contentious environmental decisions which have broad-reaching impacts on people with diverse perspectives and interests. In such contexts, I argue that equitable collaboration is impossible without first emphasizing the exploration of diverse problem understandings. I support this argument theoretically by turning to the literatures on collaborative planning and spatial decision support, and empirically in my analysis of a case study of an effort to construct a GIS for supporting collaborative water resource management in rural Idaho. Reflecting upon the case, I provide a set of recommendations to those seeking to better negotiate the tensions of supporting collaboration with GIS in the context of contentious environmental and natural resource decisions. 相似文献
998.
Kevin E. Percy Sirkku Manninen Karl-Heinz Häberle H. Werner Rainer Matyssek 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(5):1657-1665
We examined the effect of ozone (O3) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle epicuticular wax over three seasons at the Kranzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment. Exposure to 2× ambient O3 ranged from 64.5 to 74.2 μl O3 l−1 h AOT40, and 117.1 to 123.2 nl O3 l−1 4th highest daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration. The proportion of current-year needle surface covered by wax tubes, tube aggregates, and plates decreased (P = 0.011) under 2× O3. Epistomatal chambers had increased deposits of amorphous wax. Proportion of secondary alcohols varied due to year (P = 0.004) and O3 treatment (P = 0.029). Secondary alcohols were reduced by 9.1% under 2× O3. Exposure to 2× O3 increased (P = 0.037) proportions of fatty acids by 29%. Opposing trends in secondary alcohols and fatty acids indicate a direct action of O3 on wax biosynthesis. These results demonstrate O3-induced changes in biologically important needle surface characteristics of 50-year-old field-grown trees. 相似文献
999.
Belden JB Lotufo GR Chambliss CK Fisher JC Johnson DR Boyd RE Sims JG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1363-1368
To determine if trinitrotoluene (TNT) forms nonextractable residues in earthworms and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to TNT and its deaminated metabolites, Eisenia fetida was exposed to 14C-TNT using dermal contact to filter paper or exposure to soil. Nonextractable residues made up 32-68% of total body burden depending on exposure media and depuration time. Parent TNT accounted for less than 3% of radioactivity, while ADNTs accounted for 7-38%. Elimination half-lives were 61-120 h for TNT, ADNTs, and DANTs, which was significantly lower than the half-lives found for nonextractable residues, 201-240 h. However, over 80% of the nonextractable residue was solubilized using weak acid (pH 2). Based on our findings that TNT accumulation occurs primarily as nonextractable residues, which have a longer half-life, and that nonextractable residues can be solubilized, we propose that nonextractable residues could be used as a selective biomarker for assessing TNT contamination. 相似文献
1000.
Ruiz-Chancho MJ López-Sánchez JF Schmeisser E Goessler W Francesconi KA Rubio R 《Chemosphere》2008,71(8):1522-1530
Concentrations of total arsenic and of arsenic species were determined by ICPMS and HPLC-ICPMS in terrestrial plant samples. The arsenic concentration in plant samples from the contaminated sites ranged from 1.14 to 98.5 mg kg(-1) (dry mass). However, a very high value, exceeding largely this range was found in a moss sample growing in the contaminated area (1750 mg kg(-1)). Plants growing in a non-contaminated area with similar geological characteristics contained 0.06-0.58 mg As kg(-1). Plant samples from different species were selected and extracted with water, water/methanol (9+1, v/v), and water/methanol (1+1, v/v). Water/methanol (9+1, v/v) was selected as extractant for the speciation analysis for all the plant samples. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 3.0% to 41.4%, with good agreement between samples from the same plant species. Arsenite and/or arsenate were found in all the plant samples. Additionally, methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) and tetramethylarsonium ion (TETRA) were also identified in several plants, and in some cases MA and DMA were the main species found. TMAO, which is usually found as a trace constituent in organisms, was also a significant arsenical in one of the studied samples, where it constituted 24% of the extracted arsenic. In the present study, the patterns of arsenic species varied with the plant species and much higher proportion of organoarsenicals was found in plants from the more contaminated sites. 相似文献