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211.
Iron, manganese, copper, lead and cadmium were measured in the livers, muscles, kidneys and bones of Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo), Brown Hawk Owls (Nixos scutulata) and Collared Scops Owls (Otus lempiji) from Korea. Iron concentrations by tissue within species did not differ, but there were significant differences among tissues across all species. Manganese and copper concentrations in muscles, kidneys and bones, but not livers, differed among species and also differed among tissues in the three owl species. We suggest that manganese and copper concentrations from this study were far below the level associated with their toxicity. Lead concentrations significantly differed among all species for livers and bones, and among tissues for each species. Cadmium concentrations were significantly different among species for all tissues and among tissues in Eurasian Eagle Owls and Collared Scops Owls. For most samples, lead concentrations in livers and bones, and cadmium in livers and kidneys, were within the background levels for wild birds. For some Eurasian Eagle Owls and Collared Scops Owls, lead concentrations were at an acute exposure level, whilst lead concentrations were at a chronic exposure level in Brown Hawk Owls. Cadmium concentrations were at a chronic exposure level in all three owl species. Acute and chronic poisoning was significantly correlated between indicator tissues. We suggest that lead and cadmium contamination in Eurasian Eagle Owls may reflect a Korean source, Brown Hawk Owls may reflect Korean and wintering sites, and Collared Scops Owls may reflect breeding and/or wintering sites. 相似文献
212.
Thyroperoxidase (TPO) is a large heme-containing glycoprotein that catalyzes the transfer of iodine to thyroglobulin during thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. Previously, we established an in vitro assay for TPO activity based on human recombinant TPO (hrTPO) stably transfected into human follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC-238) cells. It is important to determine whether environmental chemicals can disrupt TPO activity because it is an important factor in the TH axis. In this study, we used our assay to examine the changes in TPO activity in response to various chemicals, including benzophenones (BPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Overall, BPs, PAHs, and POPs slightly altered TPO activity at low doses, as compared with the positive controls methimazole (MMI), genistein, and 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxy BP. Benzophenone, benzhydrol, 3-methylchloranthracene, pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and heptachlor decreased TPO activity, while 2,4-dihydroxy BP, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy BP, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene increased TPO activity. From these data, we can predict the disruption of TPO activity by various chemicals as a sensitive TH end point. TPO activity should be considered when enacting measures to regulate environmental exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals. 相似文献
213.
Govil PK Sorlie JE Murthy NN Sujatha D Reddy GL Rudolph-Lund K Krishna AK Rama Mohan K 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):313-323
Studies on quantitative soil contamination due to heavy metals were carried out in Katedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA),
south of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India under the Indo-Norwegian Institutional Cooperation Programme. The study area falls
under a semi-arid type of climate and consists of granites and pegmatite of igneous origin belonging to the Archaean age.
There are about 300 industries dealing with dyeing, edible oil production, battery manufacturing, metal plating, chemicals,
etc. Most of the industries discharge their untreated effluents either on open land or into ditches. Solid waste from industries
is randomly dumped along roads and open grounds. Soil samples were collected throughout the industrial area and from downstream
residential areas and were analysed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for fourteen trace metals and ten major oxides. The
analytical data shows very high concentrations of lead, chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic and cadmium through out the industrial
area. The random dumping of hazardous waste in the industrial area could be the main cause of the soil contamination spreading
by rainwater and wind. In the residential areas the local dumping is expected to be the main source as it is difficult to
foresee that rain and wind can transport the contaminants from the industrial area. If emission to air by the smokestacks
is significant, this may contribute to considerable spreading of contaminants like As, Cd and Pb throughout the area. A comparison
of the results with the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (SQGL) show that most of the industrial area is heavily contaminated
by As, Pb and Zn and local areas by Cr, Cu and Ni. The residential area is also contaminated by As and some small areas by
Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The Cd contamination is detected over large area but it is not exceeding the SQGL value. Natural background
values of As and Cr exceed the SQGL values and contribute significantly to the contamination in the residential area. However,
the availability is considerably less than anthropogenic contaminants and must therefore be assessed differently. The pre-
and post-monsoon sampling over two hydrological cycles in 2002 and 2003 indicate that the As, Cd and Pb contaminants are more
mobile and may expect to reach the groundwater. The other contaminants seem to be much more stable. The contamination is especially
serious in the industrial area as it is housing a large permanent residing population. The study not only aims at determining
the natural background levels of trace elements as a guide for future pollution monitoring but also focuses on the pollution
vulnerability of the watershed. A plan of action for remediation is recommended. 相似文献
214.
Size fractionated particulate matter (PM) was collected in summer and winter from Beijing, China for the characterization of an expanded list of PAHs and evaluation of air pollution metrics. Summertime ΣPAHs on PM was 14.6 ± 29(PM 1.5), 0.88 ± 0.49(PM 1.5-7.2) and 0.29 ± 0.076(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air while wintertime concentrations were 493 ± 206(PM 1.5), 26.7 ± 14(PM 1.5-7.2) and 5.3 ± 2.5(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air. Greater than 90% of the carcinogenic PAHs were concentrated on PM(1.5). Dibenzopyrene isomers made up a significant portion (~30%) of the total carcinogenic PAH load during the winter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of dibenzopyrenes in the Beijing atmosphere and among the few studies that report these highly potent PAHs in ambient particulate matter. Lifetime risk calculations indicated that 1 out of 10,000 to over 6 out of 100 Beijing residents may have an increased risk of lung cancer due to PAH concentration. Over half of the lifetime risk was attributed to Σdibenzopyrenes. The World Health Organization and Chinese daily PM(10) standard was exceeded on each day of the study, however, PAH limits were only exceeded during the winter. The outcomes of the air pollution metrics were highly dependent on the individual PAHs measured and seasonal variation. 相似文献
215.
Langston WJ O'Hara S Pope ND Davey M Shortridge E Imamura M Harino H Kim A Vane CH 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):289-311
Biomonitoring of contaminants (metals, organotins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs) was undertaken in Milford Haven
Waterway (MHW) and a reference site in the Tywi Estuary (St Ishmael/Ferryside) during 2007–2008. Bioindicator species encompassed
various uptake routes—Fucus vesiculosus (dissolved contaminants); Littorina littorea (grazer); Mytilus edulis and Cerastoderma edule (suspension feeders); and Hediste (=Nereis) diversicolor (sediments). Differences in feeding and habitat preference have subtle implications for bioaccumulation trends though, with
few exceptions, contaminant burdens in MHW were higher than the Tywi reference site, reflecting inputs. Elevated metal concentrations
were observed at some MHW sites, whilst As and Se (molluscs and seaweed) were consistently at the higher end of the UK range.
However, for most metals, distributions in MH biota were not exceptional. Several metal-species combinations indicated increases
in bioavailability upstream, which may reflect the influence of geogenic/land-based sources—perhaps enhanced by lower salinity.
TBT levels in MH mussels were below OSPAR toxicity thresholds and in the Tywi were close to zero. Phenyltins were not accumulated
appreciably in M. edulis, whereas some H. diversicolor populations appear subjected to localized (historical) sources. PAHs in H. diversicolor were distributed evenly across most of MHW, although acenaphthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene were highest at one site near the mouth; naphthalenes in H. diversicolor were enriched in the mid-upper Haven (a pattern seen in M. edulis for most PAHs). Whilst PAH (and PCB) concentrations in MH mussels were mostly above reference and OSPAR backgrounds, they
are unlikely to exceed ecotoxicological thresholds. Bivalve Condition indices (CI) were highest at the Tywi reference site
and at the seaward end of MH, decreasing upstream—giving rise to several significant (negative) relationships between CI and
body burdens. Despite the possible influence of salinity gradient as a complicating factor, multivariate analysis indicated
that a combination of contaminants could influence the pattern in condition (and the biomarkers metallothionein and TOSC).
Integrating bioaccumulation data with biological and biochemical endpoints is seen as a useful way to discriminate environmental
quality of moderately contaminated areas such as MHW and to prioritise cause and effect investigations. 相似文献
216.
Characteristics of aerosol types during large-scale transport of air pollution over the Yellow Sea region and at Cheongwon,Korea, in 2008 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Episodes of large-scale transport of airborne dust and anthropogenic pollutant particles from different sources in the East
Asian continent in 2008 were identified by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite RGB (red, green, and
blue)-composite images and the mass concentrations of ground level particulate matter. These particles were divided into dust,
sea salt, smoke plume, and sulfate by an aerosol classification algorithm. To analyze the aerosol size distribution during
large-scale transport of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and fine aerosol weighting (FW) of moderate imaging
spectroradiometer aerosol products were used over the East Asian region. Six episodes of massive airborne dust particles,
originating from sandstorms in northern China, Mongolia, and the Loess Plateau of China, were observed at Cheongwon. Classified
dust aerosol types were distributed on a large-scale over the Yellow Sea region. The average PM10 and PM2.5 ratio to the total
mass concentration TSP were 70% and 15%, respectively. However, the mass concentration of PM2.5 among TSP increased to as
high as 23% in an episode where dust traveled in by way of an industrial area in eastern China. In the other five episodes
of anthropogenic pollutant particles that flowed into the Korean Peninsula from eastern China, the anthropogenic pollutant
particles were largely detected in the form of smoke over the Yellow Sea region. The average PM10 and PM2.5 ratios to TSP
were 82% and 65%, respectively. The ratio of PM2.5 mass concentrations among TSP varied significantly depending on the origin
and pathway of the airborne dust particles. The average AOD for the large-scale transport of anthropogenic pollutant particles
in the East Asian region was measured to be 0.42 ± 0.17, which is higher in terms of the rate against atmospheric aerosols
as compared with the AOD (0.36 ± 0.13) for airborne dust particles with sandstorms. In particular, the region ranging from
eastern China, the Yellow Sea, and the Korean Peninsula to the Korea East Sea was characterized by high AOD distributions.
In the episode of anthropogenic polluted aerosols, FW averaged 0.63 ± 0.16, a value higher than that in the episode of airborne
dust particles (0.52 ± 0.13) with sandstorms, showing that fine anthropogenic pollutant particles contribute greatly to atmospheric
aerosols in East Asia. 相似文献
217.
Gyung-A Kim Hee-Jong Son Chang-Won Kim Seung-Hyun Kim 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1657-1669
The survey of nitrosamine occurrence at Korean surface water of Nakdong river is conducted in this study. For this purpose, the nitrosamine analytical method based on more affordable GC/LRMS (low resolution mass spectrometry) has been developed. According to the study results, six nitrosamine compounds (NDEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDPA as N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, NDMA as N-nitrosodimethylamine, NMEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDBA as N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, and NDPHA as N-nitrosodiphenylamine) were detected at the Nakdong river. Among these, NDEA and NDPA are the most important compounds in terms of the nitrosamine contamination of the Nakdong river. The detected concentration of NDEA exceeded the CDHCS (California Department of Health Care Services) response level of 100 ng/L at several sites. The detected concentration of NDPA approached the response level (500 ng/L) at a few sites. When all nitrosamine concentrations were summed up, the maximum concentration of 735.7 ng/L was detected at the Nakdong river. An equation describing a decrease in total nitrosamine concentration along downstream sampling sites was proposed in this study. The equation can be used to predict the downstream nitrosamine contamination at the Nakdong river. Among various water quality parameters, T-N showed a good correlation with total nitrosamine concentration. 相似文献
218.
Sung Ho Hwang Ik Mo Lee Yun Keun Lee Jeong Im Park Kwang Won Rhie Dong Uk Park Chung Sik Yoon 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(11):8803-8808
We characterize the monthly variation in (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentration measured over the course of 1 year, and we evaluate the characteristics of size selection using a two-stage cyclone sampler. The (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentrations were measured in four bio-related laboratories. A total of 156 samples were collected using a new two-stage cyclone sampler. Analysis of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan was performed using the kinetic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. The study showed that airborne (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentrations were significantly higher in laboratory D (mean ± SD 1,105?±?1,893 pg/m3) and in the spring (5,458 pg/m3). The highest concentration of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan occurred in the spring, particularly in May. 相似文献
219.