Energy expended on growth and gonad output in the ribbed musselAulacomya ater

Length/weight relationships have been computed for shell, flesh and byssus ofAulacomya ater (Molina) and energy values used to convert the weights to energy equivalents. Shell accounts for some 26% of total body energy, while the contribution of the byssus declines from 15 to 8% during growth. Observations of juvenile growth rates have been used to generate a Gompertz growth equation which predicts attainment of maximum length (90 mm) after 11 years. Reproductive condition has been assessed by monitoring seasonal fluctuations in the flesh weight of standard-sized individuals, calculated from monthly length/weight regressions. There appear to be three spawnings, of variable date and intensity, each year. From the above data, annual energy expenditure on growth and gonad output has been calculated for individuals of various sizes. The ratio of total production to biomass is a declining clining function of shell length, dropping from 29.5 at 5 mm to 0.8 at 85 mm. The proportion of total production expended on gamete output increases steadily from 25% at attainment of maturity (15 mm) to 81% at 85 mm length. The considerable effects of changing size composition on the amount and type of production in natural populations are discussed.     

2000年全球重大自然灾害概述

２０００年是全球自然灾害经济损失较为一般的年份。根据收集到的全球自然灾害记录的数据，客观地对全球主要自然灾害的特征和分布特点进行了分析，并对其成因进行了探讨．     

Self-regulation of driving speed among distracted drivers: An application of driver behavioral adaptation theory

Objective: The adaptive behavior of mobile phone–distracted drivers has been a topic of much discussion in the recent literature. Both simulator and naturalistic studies suggest that distracted drivers generally select lower driving speeds; however, speed adaptation is not observed among all drivers, and the mechanisms of speed selection are not well understood. The aim of this research was to apply a driver behavioral adaptation model to investigate the speed adaptation of mobile phone–distracted drivers.

Methods: The speed selection behavior of drivers was observed in 3 phone conditions including baseline (no conversation) and hands-free and handheld phone conversations in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Speed adaptation in each phone condition was modeled as a function of secondary task demand and self-reported personal/psychological characteristics with a system of seemingly unrelated equations (SURE) accounting for potential correlations due to repeated measures experiment design.

Results: Speed adaptation is similar between hands-free and handheld phone conditions, but the predictors of speed adaptation vary across the phone conditions. Though perceived workload of secondary task demand, self-efficacy, attitude toward safety, and driver demographics were significant predictors of speed adaptation in the handheld condition, drivers' familiarity with the hands-free interface, attitude toward safety, and sensation seeking were significant predictors in the hands-free condition. Drivers who reported more positive safety attitudes selected lower driving speeds while using phones.

Conclusion: This research confirmed that behavioral adaptation models are suitable for explaining speed adaptation of mobile phone distracted drivers, and future research could be focused on further theoretical refinement.     

Isotopic fractionation during reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by zero-valent iron: influence of surface treatment

During reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) by zero-valent iron, stable carbon isotopic values of residual TCE fractionate significantly and can be described by a Rayleigh model. This study investigated the effect of observed reaction rate, surface oxidation and iron type on isotopic fractionation of TCE during reductive dechlorination. Variation of observed reaction rate did not produce significant differences in isotopic fractionation in degradation experiments. However, a small influence on isotopic fractionation was observed for experiments using acid-cleaned electrolytic iron versus experiments using autoclaved electrolytic iron, acid-cleaned Peerless cast iron or autoclaved Peerless cast iron. A consistent isotopic enrichment factor of epsilon = -16.7/1000 was determined for all experiments using cast iron, and for the experiments with autoclaved electrolytic iron. Column experiments using 100% cast iron and a 28% cast iron/72% aquifer matrix mixture also resulted in an enrichment factor of -16.9/1000. The consistency in enrichment factors between batch and column systems suggests that isotopic trends observed in batch systems may be extrapolated to flowing systems such as field sites. The fact that significant isotopic fractionation was observed in all experiments implies that isotopic analysis can provide a direct qualitative indication of whether or not reductive dechlorination of TCE by Fe0 is occurring. This evidence may be useful in answering questions which arise at field sites, such as determining whether TCE observed down-gradient of an iron wall remediation scheme is the result of incomplete degradation within the wall, or of the dissolved TCE plume by passing the wall.     

Reproductive success of barn swallows nesting near a selenium-contaminated lake in east Texas, USA

Reproductive success and contaminant levels in 1986 and 1987 were compared between Barn Swallows nesting at selenium-contaminated Martin Lake, Texas, USA, and swallows nesting at a reference site. Nests were initiated about the same time or earlier at Martin Lake than at the reference site and clutch size was similar between the two locations. Nest success was significantly higher at Martin Lake than at the reference site and no embryo or chick deformities were documented. Selenium concentrations in 14 of 20 eggs from Martin Lake were above background (> 3 ppm, dry weight); two of 20 eggs contained > 5 ppm, a concentration associated with a 20% embryo mortality/deformity rate in some bird species. Selenium concentrations in the kidneys of adult swallows were higher at Martin Lake (mean = 14 ppm dry weight) than at the reference site (5.8 ppm). DDE, the only detected organochlorine compound, was in two of 10 eggs from Martin Lake; these concentrations were below those associated with chronic poisoning and reproductive problems. The maximum mercury concentration in livers of adult Barn Swallows (0.83 ppm, dry weight) was within the range for background levels (< 5 ppm).     

Managing troubled data: coastal data partnerships smooth data integration

Understanding the ecology, condition, and changes of coastal areas requires data from many sources. Broad-scale and long-term ecological questions, such as global climate change, biodiversity, and cumulative impacts of human activities, must be addressed with databases that integrate data from several different research and monitoring programs. Various barriers, including widely differing data formats, codes, directories, systems, and metadata used by individual programs, make such integration troublesome. Coastal data partnerships, by helping overcome technical, social, and organizational barriers, can lead to a better understanding of environmental issues, and may enable better management decisions. Characteristics of successful data partnerships include a common need for shared data, strong collaborative leadership, committed partners willing to invest in the partnership, and clear agreements on data standards and data policy. Emerging data and metadata standards that become widely accepted are crucial. New information technology is making it easier to exchange and integrate data. Data partnerships allow us to create broader databases than would be possible for any one organization to create by itself.     

New information from bloodstains

The traditional philosophy behind the grouping of bloodstains in the Forensic Science Laboratory is described. It is emphasised that while these blood-grouping methods are highly discriminating in the sense that they may distinguish one person's blood from hundreds, or thousands of others, such information may be of limited value in many crime investigations. The reason for this is that such information does not normally relate to physical features of the individual with which we are all familiar such as sex or age. Recent research work is described in which efforts are being made to deduce from small bloodstains information which indicates the donor's sex, age, ethnic origin and perhaps clinical history.     

Male mating history: effects on female sexual responsiveness and reproductive success in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

Males frequently mate multiply, but are there negative fitness consequences for their later mates? Potential costs include less sperm and less nutrition. In most hymenopterans, daughters, but not sons, are produced sexually. This mean that effects of being a later mate on sperm received versus on nutrients received should be distinguishable. If later mates receive less sperm, it should manifest as a reduction in daughter production, whereas a reduction in nutrients should affect production of both sexes. Any cost to being a later mate may in turn select for polyandry or for female choice of virgin males. Males of the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius were presented with up to five females in succession. Offspring production was compared among first, third, and fifth females; and it did not differ. However, about half of fifth females had begun producing only sons by their tenth day, whereas first and third females rarely had. Despite the reduction in daughter production, even fifth females rarely remated. However, females tended to mate with virgin males rather than mated males when given a choice. This tendency was dependent on male, not female, behavior, but should benefit the female nevertheless. Sex ratios in this species are one male for every one and a half to three females. Thus, the number of times that males could mate before daughter production was reduced coincided roughly with the mean number of times that males likely mate in this species. Nevertheless, some females are likely to experience the cost of being a fifth female because of skewed mating success among males.     

Local variation of within-host clonal diversity coupled with genetic homogeneity in a marine trematode

Despite their ubiquity and importance to intertidal ecosystems, information is currently lacking regarding the genetic diversity of trematode parasites within coastal organisms and the distribution of their genetic variation among intertidal habitats. In this study, we quantified the clonal diversity of the coastal marine trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis within Zeacumantus subcarinatus snail hosts from three coastal bays in Otago Harbour, New Zealand, using five microsatellite loci to determine if differences exist in the frequency of occurrence of multi-clone infections. In addition, we examined gene flow among M. novaezealandensis collected from the three bays. The frequency of mixed-clone infections varied fourfold among bays and no genetic differentiation was detected among intertidal bays. Across the coastal bays studied, M. novaezealandensis comprises a single population that is potentially infecting multiple Z. subcarinatus populations with varying life history traits.