ABS简支梁缺口冲击强度的测量不确定度评定

按GB/T 1043.1-2008测定了ABS的简支梁缺口冲击强度,分析了测量结果不确定度的来源,确定了不确定度的评定方法.用B类评定方法对冲击试验机和游标卡尺的示值误差引入的不确定度进行了评定;用A类评定方法对反复测量的随机误差引入的不确定度进行了评定.采用相对不确定度计算了合成不确定度,并计算了扩展不确定度,其结果...     

Toxicological availability of nickel to the benthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus

It is generally accepted that the bioavailability of metals in sediments is influenced by the presence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS). The pore water hypothesis predicts that, if the molar concentration of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in a sediment is smaller than the molar concentration of AVS, the free metal ion activity in the pore water is very small and that consequently no metal toxicity in short-term toxicity tests is observed. In this study we examined (1) if this concept can be extended to predict the absence of chronic Ni toxicity to the oligochaete deposit-feeding worm Lumbriculus variegatus and (2) if the organic carbon normalized excess SEM; i.e. [SEM-AVS]/f(OC) predicts the magnitude of Ni toxicity to L. variegatus. A 28-day toxicity experiment was performed in which biomass production of L. variegatus was determined in two natural sediments with different [AVS] and f(OC), spiked at different Ni concentrations. The absence of toxicity is predicted correctly by the [SEM-AVS]<0 criterion when only the 0-1 cm surface layer of the sediment is considered, but not when the whole bulk sediment is considered (0-3 cm). In both sediments, the same [SEM-AVS]/f(OC) at the surface corresponds with a similar decrease in L. variegatus biomass. Thus, [SEM-AVS]/f(OC) in the surface layer accurately predicts the magnitude of toxicity. This measure is therefore a good estimator of toxicologically available Ni. On the other hand, the free Ni(2+) ion activity in the overlying water appeared to be an equally good predictor of the magnitude of toxicity. Consequently, it was not possible to determine the relative importance of the overlying water and pore water exposure route with the semi-static laboratory experiments.     

浅谈“原油管理”及预处理技术

介绍了国外普遍采取的“原油管理”及预处理的概念及其具体内容,并通过实际案例展示了采取原油预处理对改善电脱盐效果起到的良好作用.     

镉锌在河南华溪蟹鳃中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法检测了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中重金属镉、锌的含量,进而探讨了镉、锌两种金属在河南华溪蟹鳃组织中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布情况.实验首先运用Ca2+通道抑制剂三氯化镧(La Cl3)和巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)对河南华溪蟹预处理4 h,然后再用不同浓度镉(50、100、500μg·L-1)、锌(100、1000μg·L-1)分别处理7 d.实验结果显示,La Cl3仅抑制了鳃组织中镉的吸收,而NEM抑制了鳃组织中镉、锌的吸收.在亚细胞组分中,La Cl3降低了镉在细胞碎片和细胞器中的分布,NEM减少了镉在热稳定蛋白及锌在热变性蛋白部分的分布;两种抑制剂均增加了锌在金属富含颗粒部分的分布.实验结果表明,在河南华溪蟹鳃组织的不同亚细胞组分中,镉、锌两种重金属的分布具有差异,推测La Cl3和NEM均可调控镉的吸收,而NEM只调控锌的吸收.     

棉花雹灾脆弱性试验研究的装备与方法

从棉花雹灾脆弱性试验研究的角度,研发一套降雹模拟装置和棉花雹灾田间试验方法。基于棉花雹灾脆弱性试验研究科学原理,提出了降雹模拟装置的基本结构与功能,阐明了棉花雹灾田间试验方法的基本步骤,并通过田间试验初步验证了该套装置与方法的可靠性和适用性。结果表明:该装置能够发射直径为0.5~10.0cm的冰球,其射向可以在垂向0°~120°和水平0°~180°范围内调节,可使冰球发射速度达到20.0~45.0 m/s,可稳定控制冰球发射速度为23.0~25.0 m/s,从而满足模拟降雹的需求。人工模拟棉田降雹灾害的试验方法包括4步,关键是要以棉花生长期、冰雹大小和降雹密度为变量设计雹灾情景,以及对降雹前后棉花的植株性状进行观测,从而获取不同致灾强度下棉花脆弱性指标参数。进行了5种冰球直径和7种降雹密度共35种降雹强度情景的验证研究,对冰雹直径和落叶率关系分析的结果初步显示,该试验装备与方法可以为揭示棉花雹灾脆弱性的规律提供可靠的试验数据。和测雹板实地监测,遥感反演技术,以及利用割草机、喷水器、人工等手段去除作物叶片等田间试验方法相比,该装置与方法具有较大优势,试验数据能够满足雹灾棉花脆弱性研究的需求。其不足之处主要是自动化和信息化程度还比较低,加以改进将可更好满足其他雹灾承灾体脆弱性研究的需求。     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

超声Fenton法处理毒死蜱中间体废水的工艺优化

针对毒死蜱中间体生产的化工废水有机物浓度高、生物抑制性强的特点,以实际生产废水为研究对象,基于响应曲面法,进行了超声/Fenton法降解有机物效能研究与运行参数的优化.结果表明:1通过单因素试验确定响应曲面设计的自变量中心点为H2O2投加量0.5 mol/L、Fe2+投加量0.93 g/L、反应时间90 min.2采用Box-Behnken试验设计,建立了以H2O2及Fe2+投加量、反应时间为自变量的回归模型,经方差分析,模型显著(P0.000 1);对有机物去除率影响最大的因素为Fe2+投加量,其与反应时间的交互作用显著.3最优工况为H2O2投加量0.7 mol/L、Fe2+投加量1.36 g/L、反应时间96 min,该条件下模型预测CODCr去除率为96.63%,试验值与模型预测值的相对误差为1.36%,出水水质指标远低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级标准,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)从0.09升至0.22,CODCr单位去除负荷的H2O2及Fe2+用量相对较低,分别为0.14 mmol/mg和0.28 mg/mg.研究显示,采用超声/Fenton法处理高浓度难降解有机废水可有效提高CODCr去除率及其可生化性.     

厂界噪声中背景噪声测量的探讨

对执行现行标准GB12348—2008《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》过程中遇到的背景噪声及其扣除问题进行了探讨,建议对标准适时进行再修订对背景噪声的测定进行条文细化。     

Multicomponent photocatalysts for synergic removal of antibiotics in aqueous media: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Pollution of waste and natural waters by antibiotics is a major health issue that induces the development of resistant pathogens. Pollutant may be removed by...     

Three-phase partitioning for the separation of proteins,enzymes, biopolymers,oils and pigments: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Modern biomass and organic waste are becoming major, carbon-neutral sources of fine chemicals, biomolecules and fuels to replace fossil fuel products. As a...