综合型工业园生态化推进探讨

本文从综合型工业园形成的政策背景、发展历程和动力机制入手,在形成机理、管理模式和产业特点等方面研究了综合型工业园的基本特征。结果表明,我国的综合型工业园采取的政府和公司化交错和分工的管理模式;以多种产业并存或若干企业主导;而且大量小规模的传统企业与现代化规模化企业混杂,居住区与现代化工业并存,尚未形成良好的生态空间布局和功能组团布局,尚未形成物质减量化的空间格局。在此基础上初步探讨了综合型工业园生态化稚进的内涵、理念、组成和建设重点。     

稳定性复合高铁酸盐的制备及其在水质净化中的应用

在复合高铁酸盐溶液的制备过程中投加Ca(ClO) 2,可以提高其稳定性能.通过对Ca(ClO) 2的投加量、Ca(ClO) 2的投加顺序、反应温度及反应时间的考察,确定其对复合高铁酸盐溶液的最佳稳定条件为:在生成复合高铁酸盐溶液后投加0.08 mol/L的Ca(ClO) 2,并在20℃条件下反应10 min.Ca(ClO) 2对复合高铁酸盐溶液的稳定作用,是ClO-缓慢释放的一级动力学反应过程.将复合高铁酸盐溶液与聚合氯化铝(PAC)联合投加,可净化城市生活污水和铜绿微囊藻配制水.研究表明,与PAC单独投加相比,复合高铁酸盐溶液与PAC联合投加对水体中的氨氯、COD、细菌、浊度、藻细胞等的去除效果更好,且达到同样处理效果所需药剂量少.     

TiO_2/NiFe_2O_4磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O4磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O4磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O4。通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O4的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外—可见(UV—Vis)漫反射、热重—差示扫描量热分析(TG—DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征。以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O4的光催化性能,在光照2h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%。研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O4是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂。     

改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂脱除SO2

采用单因素法,在传统搅拌混合下,研究了煅烧温度、煅烧时间、酸碱浸渍等对改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂穿透硫容与最大硫容的影响.然后在超声波混合作用下,采用正交实验确定了超声时间、超声温度以及活性组分(CaO)、促进剂(V2O5)的复配比例.结果表明:(1)甘肃临泽凹凸棒粘土富Al、Mg、Fe,且其比表面积较大.(2)改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂最佳制备条件:煅烧温度300℃;煅烧时间2.0 h;酸碱浸渍最佳pH9～10;混合采用超声波,超声时间30 min;超声温度40℃;CaO质量分数30%;V2O5质量分数5%.采用在最佳条件下制备的改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂进行脱除SO2实验,其最大硫容为38.16%.(3)改性凹凸棒粘土脱除SO2的性能比工业Fe2O3脱硫剂强.(4)X射线衍射分析表明,改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂脱除SO2后,将SO2转变为SO2-4,从而达到完全脱除SO2的目的,这与红外光谱分析的结果一致.     

微电解-絮凝预处理味精发酵废母液实验研究

味精发酵废母液COD浓度极高,为了有效降低后续生物处理单元的负荷,研究采用微电解絮凝方法预处理该废水。实验研究了曝气对废水COD去除率的影响,用正交实验考察了原水和出水pH值、Fe/C和反应温度等因素对COD去除率的影响,实验结果表明,曝气能有效提高COD去除率;在正交实验确定的优化因素组合,即原水pH为2,出水pH值为9,Fe/C为0.5的条件下反应3 h,废水COD平均去除率可达到48.7%。     

湖北省2008年初低温雨雪冰冻过程气候特征分析

2008年初,湖北省出现了严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害,直接经济损失高达110亿元以上,有必要对灾害期间的气候特征进行系统、科学的分析和总结。对湖北省76个气象站2008年1月12日～2月3日气温、降水（雪）、日照以及低温持续日数等要素进行时空间差异分析及历史与同期比较,并选取10个代表站历史上所有低温雨雪天气过程,对其过程持续低温日数、最长连续雨雪日数、过程极端低温进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）此次过程的平均气温异常偏低,该省大部为-1～-2℃,比常年同期偏低4～6℃,为各站历史同期最低,其中主要是最高气温异常偏低所致,但极端低温并不低;（2）降雪过程频繁,雨雪量异常偏多;（3）低温冰冻持续时间长,该省大部在16～22 d,位于历史第一;（4）日照异常偏少。持续而稳定的大气环流异常形势是湖北省大范围低温雨雪天气的直接原因。     

Designing ambient particulate matter monitoring program for source apportionment study by receptor modeling

Particulate matter (PM) receptor modeling requires specific intensive input data that is always a challenge to produce cost effectively. A well-designed monitoring program is important to collect such PM ambient data in urban areas with diverse and densely distributed sources. This paper presents a general framework for designing such a monitoring program while emphasizing appropriate quality assurance and quality control elements that are particularly applicable where limited resources are available. Topics for discussion include selection of monitoring sites, sampling and analytical techniques, and the uncertainty estimation for ambient concentration input data. The design framework is illustrated by a case study of a monitoring program for PM source apportionment in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region in which 24-h fine and coarse PM samples were collected using two collocated dichotomous samplers. Comparison between black carbon measurements by Smoke Stain reflectometry and Thermal Optical Transmittance method is highlighted.     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NO_x排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤65 MW)的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

空气中PM_(10)浓度的BP神经网络预报研究

建立了某市PM10浓度预报的分段BP神经网络模型,经验证,所建立的BP预报模型,预测精度比较高,PM10日平均浓度误差大多在-0．010～0．010mg／m^3范围内,相对误差在-20％～20％,表明BP神经网络对PM10的浓度预报是一种有效的工具。     

Adaptive urban governance: new challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change

The task of adapting cities to the impacts of climate change is of great importance—urban areas are hotspots of high risk given their concentrations of population and infrastructure; their key roles for larger economic, political and social processes; and their inherent instabilities and vulnerabilities. Yet, the discourse on urban climate change adaptation has only recently gained momentum in the political and scientific arena. This paper reviews the recent climate change adaptation strategies of nine selected cities and analyzes them in terms of overall vision and goals, baseline information used, direct and indirect impacts, proposed structural and non-structural measures, and involvement of formal and informal actors. Against this background, adaptation strategies and challenges in two Vietnamese cities are analyzed in detail, namely Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho. The paper thereby combines a review of formalized city-scale adaptation strategies with an empirical analysis of actual adaptation measures and constraints at household level. By means of this interlinked and comparative analysis approach, the paper explores the achievements, as well as the shortcomings, in current adaptation approaches, and generates core issues and key questions for future initiatives in the four sub-categories of: (1) knowledge, perspectives, uncertainties and key threats; (2) characteristics of concrete adaptation measures and processes; (3) interactions and conflicts between different strategies and measures; (4) limits of adaptation and tipping points. In conclusion, the paper calls for new forms of adaptive urban governance that go beyond the conventional notions of urban (adaptation) planning. The proposed concept underlines the need for a paradigm shift to move from the dominant focus on the adjustment of physical structures towards the improvement of planning tools and governance processes and structures themselves. It addresses in particular the necessity to link different temporal and spatial scales in adaptation strategies, to acknowledge and to mediate between different types of knowledge (expert and local knowledge), and to achieve improved integration of different types of measures, tools and norm systems (in particular between formal and informal approaches).