鄱阳湖老爷庙水域细菌群落组成分析

通过提取鄱阳湖老爷庙水域水体细菌总DNA, 构建细菌16SrRNA基因文库和序列测定等手段,以期揭示鄱阳湖老爷庙水域的细菌群落组成并探讨细菌多样性与湖泊水体理化参数之间的关系。研究结果认为：来自老爷庙水域的2006年10月（PN06 10）和2007年5月 (PN07 5) 的细菌文库中的180个阳性克隆产生了66个细菌分类操作单位（OTUs）,这些细菌主要分属于：变形菌Alpha 纲,Beta 纲,Gamma 纲,Epsilon 纲,拟杆菌门,放线菌门,浮霉菌门,酸杆菌门和OP10等9大类型。2006年10月老爷庙水域的优势菌群为Beta 变形菌;2007年5月优势菌群为Gamma 变形菌和拟杆菌,表明鄱阳湖细菌组成在不同的季节显著不同。进一步系统发育分析表明：大部分细菌的最相似序列来源于淡水,湖泊和土壤的未培养细菌,且部分细菌与环境污染物降解有关     

Occurrence and source characterization of perfluorochemicals in an urban watershed

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are used in numerous applications, mainly as surfactants, and occur ubiquitously in the environment as complex mixtures. This study was undertaken to characterize the occurrence and sources of commonly detected PFC compounds in surface waters of the Marina catchment, a watershed that drains an urbanized section of Singapore. Of the 19 target PFCs, 13 were detected with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (5-31 ng L⁻¹) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (1-156 ng L⁻¹) being the dominant components. Other compounds detected included perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C12) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C6 and C8). Sulfonamide compounds detected 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (FOSAA) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) were putative transformation products of N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE, the N-ethylated and N-methylated ethyl alcohol derivatives, respectively. Surface water concentrations were generally higher during dry weather than during storm water flow: the median concentrations of total PFCs in dry and wet weather were 57 and 138 ng L⁻¹ compared to 42 and 79 ng L⁻¹, respectively, at Stamford and Alexandra canal, suggesting the presence of a continuous source(s) which is subject to dilution during storm events. In rain water, median concentrations were 6.4 ng L⁻¹, suggesting rain contributed from 12-25% to the total PFC load for non-point source sites. The longitudinal concentration profile along one of the canals revealed a point source of sulfonated PFCs (PFOS), believed to originate from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Sources were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA) and by plotting PFHxS/PFOA against PFOS/PFOA. Typical surface waters exhibit PFOS/PFOA and PFHxS/PFOA ratios below 0.9 and 0.5, respectively. PCA plots reveal waters impacted by “non-typical” PFC sources in Alexandra canal.     

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in various aqueous samples in Taiwan

Twenty-one fresh water samples were taken from reservoirs, wells and drinking water treatment plants in Taiwan for measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) concentrations. Due to low concentration of PCDD/Fs, water samples (400-1000 L) were collected by using the on-site large volume pre-concentration system and analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)/high resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). Different characteristics of dioxin profiles in surface water and groundwater are observed. The PCDD/F concentrations in fresh water samples varied from 0.001 to 0.265 pg WHO₉₈-TEQ/L which are lower than the standard (12 pg WHO₉₈-TEQ/L) set by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) for drinking water. Only a small fraction (<5%) of the total PCDD/F concentration in fresh water samples was water-soluble. As a result of their hydrophobicity, PCDD/Fs are effectively removed along with suspended solid via the water treatment process (average 98% removal efficiency).     

发酵-渗透汽化膜技术制无水乙醇研究进展

渗透汽化膜技术作为一种新型的膜分离技术和清洁生产技术,与发酵法相耦合生产燃料乙醇,具有高效、节能和环保的优势。综述了发酵-渗透汽化膜技术的研究进展,介绍了该工艺动力学模型的研究成果,与传统的发酵法进行了经济性对比,阐述了渗透汽化膜技术应用于无水乙醇工业化生产的现状和存在的问题,展望了发酵-渗透汽化膜技术的研究方向。     

Methylation mechanism of tin(II) by methylcobalamin in aquatic systems

The methylation reaction of tin(II) with methylcobalamin (CH(3)B(12)) in aquatic systems was modeled in the laboratory. The products were detected by a sensitive gas chromatography-flame photometric detector (GC-FPD), and further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both monomethyltin (MMT) and dimethyltin (DMT) were found as methylation products. Three important effecting factors during the methylation reaction, salinity, pH and aerobic or anaerobic, were studied. The results showed that methyl group can be transferred from CH(3)B(12) to tin in aquatic solutions as a radical or carbonium, as well as a carbanion. Two explanations for the pH-dependency of the methylation reaction between tin(II) and CH(3)B(12) were proposed: pH-dependency of the equilibrium states of CH(3)B(12), and pH-dependency of inorganic tin(II) species whose reactivity vary with the redox potential in the solution. Salinity can influence the activity of the methyl donor, which cause changes in the methylation efficiency. Kinetic experiments showed that the methylation reaction was pseudo-first-order for CH(3)B(12).     

Uptake and accumulation of arsenic by 11 Pteris taxa from southern China

A field survey was conducted at a deserted arsenic (As) mine in Guangxi Province, China to explore new potential As hyperaccumulators. In addition, young plants of 11 Pteris taxa were grown in glasshouse conditions for 12 weeks on As-amended soils with 0, 50 and 200 mg As kg(-1). Results of the field survey showed that the fern Pteris fauriei accumulated over 1000 mg As kg(-1) in its fronds. Of the 11 Pteris taxa, Pteris aspericaulis, Pteris cretica var. nervosa, P. fauriei, Pteris multifida, P. multifida f. serrulata, and Pteris oshimensis were all found to hyperaccumulate As in addition to P. cretica 'Albo-Lineata' and Pteris vittata (already reported as As hyperaccumulators). However, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris semipinnata and Pteris setuloso-costulata showed no evidence of As hyperaccumulation. Results also revealed a constitutive property of As hyperaccumulation in different populations of P. cretica var. nervosa, P. multifida, P. oshimensis and P. vittata.     

电催化氧化处理变性木薯淀粉生产综合废水研究

采用DSA电极电催化处理变性木薯淀粉生产综合废水,研究了槽电压,电流密度,支持电解质,pH值,电解时间等因素对其中COD去除率的影响.在选定的实验条件下,槽电压8 V,电流密度为40 mA/cm2,支持电解质为0.1g/L的NaCl,pH值为8.5～9.0,电解2 h,废水中COD的去除率达88.3%.     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化动力学行为的影响

用动态法研究了不同温度ＰＨ值和Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度下,对照和经ＫＨ２ＰＯ４处理的黄铁矿氧化反应的动力学。结果表明,用０．１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＫＨ２ＰＯ４混合液淋洗黄铁矿后,黄铁矿表面可形成磷酸铁膜。     

无机抗菌剂在建筑涂料中的应用研究

研究了5种无机抗菌剂:锌型沸石抗菌剂、银型沸石抗菌剂、氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂、纳米TiO2光催化抗菌剂和Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂在涂料中的应用。以对大肠杆菌(E.coli)的灭菌效果评价抗菌性能。结果表明:锌型抗菌涂料的抗菌效果较差,后4种类型抗菌涂料具有很好抗菌效果。但是,银型抗菌剂和氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂在涂料中存在易引起涂料变色和难分散问题;纳米TiO2光催化型抗菌剂在涂料中易加快涂料老化;而Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂既具有良好的抗菌性能,又对涂料的基本性能没有影响,它能够应用到抗菌涂料中。     

广东乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化潜力

利用净产酸试验(NAG)和净产酸潜力试验(NAPP)方法,研究了广东乐昌铅锌尾矿的产酸潜力.该尾矿的黄铁矿的硫和总硫含量分别为12.57%和18.68%,NAG和NAPP值分别为H₂SO₄ 220 kg·t^-1和326 kg·t^-1,NAG和NAPP的试验结果都表明该尾矿有着很高的产酸潜力.由于黄铁矿硫不会完全被氧化,NAG比NAPP可更为准确地预测尾矿的产酸潜力.2个剖面的分析表明,因氧化难以进入尾矿深部,酸化主要发生在尾矿表面0～20cm,且对下层尾矿的影响很小.尾矿的pH值与EC值显著负相关,表明酸化促进乐昌尾矿中盐分的溶解和重金属的迁移,在酸化的表层,有效态Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量显著高于未酸化的下层,而Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的总量却显著低于未酸化的下层.