Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport

Beijing Capital International Airport(ZBAA) is the world's second busiest airport. In this study, the emissions of air pollutants from aircraft and other sources at ZBAA in 2015 were estimated using an improved method, which considered the mixing layer height calculated based on aircraft meteorological data relay(AMDAR), instead of using the height(915 m)recommended by ICAO. The yearly emissions of NO_x, CO, VOCs, SO_2, and PM_(2.5) at the airport were 8.76 × 10~3, 4.43 × 10~3, 5.43 × 10~2, 4.80 × 10~2, and 1.49 × 10~2 ton/year, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of aircraft emissions was systematically analyzed to understand the emission characteristics of aircraft. The results indicated that NOxwas mainly emitted during the take-off and climb phases, accounting for 20.5% and 55.5% of the total emissions. CO and HC were mainly emitted during the taxi phase, accounting for 91.6%and 92.2% of the total emissions. Because the mixing layer height was high in summer, the emissions of aircraft were at the highest level throughout the year. Based on the detailed emissions inventory, four seasons simulation using WRF-CMAQ model was performed over the domain surrounding the airport. The results indicated that the contribution to PM_(2.5) was relatively high in winter; the average impact was about 1.15 μg/m~3 within a radius of1 km around the airport. Meanwhile, the near surroundings and southwest areas of the airport are the most sensitive to PM_(2.5).     

多级孔板扰流泡沫发生器流场模拟分析

通过数值模拟方法,对内锥和多级孔板组合扰流结构下的泡沫发生器流场进行了模拟和分析。通过CFD流场模拟软件Fluent,以泡沫发生器的真实操作工况为边界条件进行建模,得到了气液两相掺混流场的结构和重要动力学参数,并进行了分析。发现扰流件的下游区域存在一个较稳定回流区,同时在多级孔板区域流场的湍动能及湍动能耗散率较高,对泡沫发生器中气液两相掺混有利。扰流件下游液相分布较为均匀,进一步验证了发泡器内部气液掺混效果较佳。通过流场模拟,验证了圆锥和四级孔板组合扰流结构对强化泡沫发生器内气液掺混的有效性。     

Value of protected areas to avian persistence across 20 years of climate and land-use change

Establishing protected areas, where human activities and land cover changes are restricted, is among the most widely used strategies for biodiversity conservation. This practice is based on the assumption that protected areas buffer species from processes that drive extinction. However, protected areas can maintain biodiversity in the face of climate change and subsequent shifts in distributions have been questioned. We evaluated the degree to which protected areas influenced colonization and extinction patterns of 97 avian species over 20 years in the northeastern United States. We fitted single-visit dynamic occupancy models to data from Breeding Bird Atlases to quantify the magnitude of the effect of drivers of local colonization and extinction (e.g., climate, land cover, and amount of protected area) in heterogeneous landscapes that varied in the amount of area under protection. Colonization and extinction probabilities improved as the amount of protected area increased, but these effects were conditional on landscape context and species characteristics. In this forest-dominated region, benefits of additional land protection were greatest when both forest cover in a grid square and amount of protected area in neighboring grid squares were low. Effects did not vary with species’ migratory habit or conservation status. Increasing the amounts of land protection benefitted the range margins species but not the core range species. The greatest improvements in colonization and extinction rates accrued for forest birds relative to open-habitat or generalist species. Overall, protected areas stemmed extinction more than they promoted colonization. Our results indicate that land protection remains a viable conservation strategy despite changing habitat and climate, as protected areas both reduce the risk of local extinction and facilitate movement into new areas. Our findings suggest conservation in the face of climate change favors creation of new protected areas over enlarging existing ones as the optimal strategy to reduce extinction and provide stepping stones for the greatest number of species.     

遥感技术在突发自然灾害生态影响监测和评估中的应用研究

我国是自然灾害多发的国家,经常遭受洪涝、旱灾,地震以及滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害的侵袭,给当地的生命财产造成巨大损害,也对当地的生态环境带来重大破坏。遥感技术通过卫星等空间信息技术手段获取地表生态环境信息,已经成为灾后生态影响评价和生态恢复重建管理工作的重要技术支撑。本文介绍了用于灾害生态影响遥感监测和评估的总体思路、指标体系和方法实例。     

典型区域历史遗留土壤污染问题及其综合防治研究

土壤污染是历史遗留环境问题的众多表现形式之一.土壤污染引发的土壤环境质量恶化,直接影响到人居环境安全、人体健康和社会稳定.本文通过对贵州铜仁汞矿产历史遗留问题区域土壤污染综合防治方案的分析研究,明确了土壤污染综合防治原则,并分别给出了实现污染源控制、土壤污染修复治理以及农产品安全与环境健康监管的路线图,为其它历史遗留问题区编制和实施土壤污染综合防治规划提供参考.     

Adolescent driving: Characteristics associated with single-vehicle and injury crashes

The high motor-vehicle crash rate of young drivers may be attributed to both driving inexperience and a greater tendency to engage in risk-taking behavior. This study examines risk-taking behavior, as indicated by single-vehicle crashes and injury crashes, and factors associated with these behaviors, based on measures of demographic, psychosocial, and substance use obtained from high school senior questionnaires. Because previous work indicated different predictors for young men and young women, separate logistic regression analyses were conducted. For young women, propensity toward cigarette use was associated with higher rates of single-vehicle crashes; while race, alcohol misuse, and friends' involvement with alcohol and marijuana were associated with injury crashes. For young men, availability of substances, driving frequency, alcohol misuse, and propensity toward marijuana use were associated with higher rates of single-vehicle crashes. Young men's living situation, availability of substances, and marijuana use were related to injury crashes.     

次氯酸钠氧化预处理草甘膦生产废水

利用次氯酸钠对草甘膦生产废水进行预处理，废水ｐＨ对处理效果影响不大，可将次氯酸钠直接投入到原碱性废水中，在其用量相当理论量的４０％、氧化时间为４ｈ时，草甘膦的去除率为９８％。预处理后的废水对厌氧消化过程不再产生抑制作用。     

不同类型国家资源战略实施的启示及我国资源战略的选择

资源战略是经济发展战略的重要组成部分。不同的国家有着不同的资源战略。本文通过对不同类型国家资源战略实施成败的分析，从中总结了３点有益的启示：①世界经济发展中的相互依赖越来越强；②资源战略的选择要符合本国的实际；③经济结构要多样化。本文还对我国高耗、低效、封闭式的资源战略的形成作了深入的分析，并提出了我国资源战略选择的４个主要方面：①多样化是中国资源战略的出发点；②充分利用国内资源，积极利用国外资源是我国资源战略的核心；③保护资源与环境是我国资源战略的重要组成部分；④建立资源节约型国民经济体系，是我国资源战略的目标。     

创建新模式实现企业安全管理全面转变

陕西精密合金股份有限公司(陕精集团)在吸取国内外现代安全管理经验基础上,创建了以事故“零”为目标,以责任制为保证,以双标(标准作业、标准化班组)为基础,以全员培训、全面管理、全线预防为对策的“连环式安全管理工作法”。实践证明,实行这一工作法成效显著,陕精集团实现连续十年工亡事故为“零”,千人负伤率逐年下降0.06。自1996年以来,陕精集团先后荣获冶金部、陕西省、西安市各项奖励26项次。此工作法在冶金行业、西北地区得到推广,成为厂长、经理安全资格培训的指定内容。     

硝基苯、苯酚衍生物对发光菌毒性定量构效关系研究

采用发光细菌法测定14种硝基苯、苯酚衍生物对发光菌的毒性,得到各化合物的半数有效浓度（15minEC50值）。选用辛醇/水分配系数（logP）、分子最低空轨道能（ELUMO）和平均超离域性（S^N_av）作为参数,与logl/EC₅₀值进行定量构效关系（QSAR）研究。结果表明,硝基苯衍生物对发光菌的毒性与分子的电性参数（ELUMO或S^{N_av）相关;而苯酚衍生物的毒性可分别由疏水性参数（logP）和电性参数（ELUMO或SN_av）来描述。采用以Snav为参数的QSAR模式预测了14种试验化合物对发光菌的毒性}