原生质体电诱导融合构建去除重金属的高效菌

研究了采用原生质体电融合技术构建高效的重金属去除菌;对影响电融合效率的几个参数,以及融合子的生长条件、除铬性能和遗传稳定性等方面进行了考察;确定了进行电融合的最佳条件,并选出 1株最好的融合株R32. 实验结果表明:R32不论是在处理低浓度还是高浓度的铬液时,其去除率和还原率都明显高于 2株亲本菌,处理低浓度含铬废水时,去除率和还原率可达到 100%;处理高浓度含铬废水(200mgL-1 )时,还原率仍可达 50%以上. 经过多次传代后,R32的除铬能力保持稳定. 当投菌量>10gL-1 (湿重)时,其去除率和还原率都在 80%以上. 正交实验结果显示,pH和Cu2 浓度对R32的生长影响都不大,这些特点都有利于R32在实际含铬废水处理中的应用. 图 4表 3参 14     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌(Phlebia radiata)I-5-6对二英类物质2,7-二氯二苯并英(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解规律.结果显示,在自然河水为介质的培养环境中,2,7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增,降解率逐步下降,但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱.白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想,经过12d处理后,降解率最高只达到36.00%,这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化,再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难.     

The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

Individual and combined toxicity of some petroleum aromatics to the marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus

Toxicity of 4 components of petroleum oils to the marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus (Bate) has been assessed. Two ephemeral aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene (A) and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene (B) were more toxic than two persistent aromatics, o-cresol (C) and o-toluidine (D). The acute toxicity concentrations obtained for individual aromatic compounds were always greater than the actual concentrations found in the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of fuel oils. Results from mixtures of 2 or more components indicated that the LC₅₀ levels were primarily determined by the more toxic substances, A and B. Naphthalene and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene became more toxic to the E. pectenicrus when present in a mixture of more than 2 components, and the toxicity increased with increasing numbers of components present. Synergistic effects, therefore, possibly occur in the whole WSF. No antagonistic effects were observed among the 4 petroleum aromatics.University of Texas, Marine Science Institute Contribution No. 290     

The iridoid glycoside,catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae)

Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.     

广东省稻田肥料施用现状及其合理性评估

分析了近十几年来广东省稻田肥料的施用量以及施肥对水稻产量、土壤有机质和养分的影响,并就肥料品种搭配、养分数量及配比、施肥时期、施肥方法、肥料利用率等方面对肥料施用的合理性进行了评估。通过与国内外有关资料的对比分析.结果表明,广东省稻田肥料施用仍有较大的潜力,有必要采取措施进一步发挥,以促进农作物优质高产。     

塔克拉玛干4种荒漠植物气体交换与环境因子的关系初探

研究了4种荒漠植物）胡杨，疏叶骆驼刺，头状沙拐枣，多枝柽柳）气体交换的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果：（1）外界环境因子中，无论是对光合速率还是蒸腾速率，光照强度都是最重要的主导因子，其次是气温，大气湿度与植物的蒸腾速率成负相关，影响程度因不同植物及其环境因子的情况而有所不同。（2）在气温越高的地方，荒漠植物的温度生态位（包括最适温度和极限温度）也随之增高。（3）水分胁迫影响气温和叶温的差异，4种植物都能调整其叶温，使之低于沙漠地区的极度高温。     

鹅掌楸和女贞同化CO2和释O2能力的比较

采用LI－6400红外气体分析仪，分别在生长初期、盛期、末期测定鹅掌楸和女贞净光合速率，用重量法测定叶面积。得到女贞的净光合速率、叶面积指数和同化CO2及释O2的能力均大于鹅掌楸的结论，可为城市绿化树种的选择提供依据。     

Variations in heavy metal contamination of stream water and groundwater affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine in Korea

This study evaluated variations in heavy metal contamination of stream waters and groundwaters affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine, where a rockfill dam for water storage will be built 11 km downstream. For these purposes, a total of 10 rounds of stream and groundwater samplings and subsequent chemical analyses were performed during 2002–2003. Results of an exploratory investigation of stream waters in 2000 indicated substantial contamination with heavy metals including zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and arsenic (As) for at least 6 km downstream from the mine. Stream waters near the mine showed metal contamination as high as arsenic (As) 8,923 μg L⁻¹, copper (Cu) 616 μg L⁻¹, cadmium (Cd) 223 μg L⁻¹ and lead (Pb) 10,590 μg L⁻¹, which greatly exceeded the Korean stream water guidelines. Remediation focused on the mine tailing piles largely improved the stream water qualities. However, there have still been quality problems for the waters containing relatively high concentrations of As (6–174 μg L⁻¹), Cd (1–46 μg L⁻¹) and Pb (2–26 μg L⁻¹). Rainfall infiltration into the mine tailing piles resulted in an increase of heavy metals in the stream waters due to direct discharge of waste effluent, while dilution of the contaminated stream waters improved the water quality due to mixing with metal free rain waters. Levels of As, Cu and chromium (Cr) largely decreased after heavy rain but that of Pb was rather elevated. The stream waters were characterized by high concentrations of calcium (Ca) and sulfate (SO₄), which were derived from dissolution and leaching of carbonate and sulfide minerals. It was observed that the proportions of Ca and SO₄ increased while those of bicarbonate (HCO₃) and sodium and potassium (Na+K) decreased after a light rainfall event. Most interestingly, the reverse was generally detected for the groundwaters. The zinc, being the metal mined, was the most dominant heavy metal in the groundwaters (1758–10,550 μg L⁻¹) near the mine, which far exceeded the Korean standard of 1000 μg L⁻¹ for drinking water. The decreases in the heavy metals contents in the groundwaters associated with reduced rainfall were quite different from the increases observed for the stream waters, which is not clearly understood at this time and warrants further investigation.     

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的紫外光化学降解

采用实验室模拟实验研究了水分、pH值和表面活性剂对乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的紫外光降解行为的影响。结果表明，在湿度80％的土壤中，丁草胺和乙草胺的光解深度及光解速率均大于无水条件。随土壤pH值的增大，丁草胺在土壤中的光降解速率加快和光解深度加深。低浓度的阴 离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（DDBS）促进丁草胺在土壤中的光解，使丁草胺在土壤中的光解深度增加。高浓度的DDBS对丁草胺在土壤中的光解有阻碍作用。阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（HDTMA）对丁草胺在土壤中的光解也有阻碍作用。