辽河保护区河道清障技术研究

辽河历年来洪涝灾害频繁,虽然过去开展过多次河道恢复工作,但近年随着阻水障碍物等的违规发展,其行洪安全问题日益引起关注。通过对历年辽河保护区河道清障情况的分析,结合河障实地踏勘成果,确立了辽河保护区河道清障的范围与目标;同时研究了远近期辽河保护区河道清障技术,探讨了河道的清障效果;并针对研究过程中发现的问题,提出了一些建议。辽河保护区河道恢复工作的顺利实施是解决河道行洪安全问题的关键途径,可实现辽河保护区的防洪安全和生态安全双赢的效果。     

高温制备土霉素菌渣生物炭对铀尾矿库渗排水中铀的吸附效果与机理

以土霉素菌渣（oxytetracycline fermentation residue,OFR）为原料,在300~900 ℃（间隔100 ℃）条件下制备生物炭,研究高温（800~900 ℃）制备OFR生物炭对废水中铀的吸附效果与机理。结果表明：对于不同温度下制备的生物炭,随着温度的升高,OFR生物炭表面功能基团逐渐减少,Ca晶体形态由CaC₂O₄（300~400 ℃）转变为CaCO₃（500~700 ℃）、CaO（800~900 ℃）,而这也导致了吸附效果的变化。当制备温度升至800~900 ℃时,OFR生物炭10 min吸附即可对南方某铀尾矿库渗排水中的铀达到98%以上去除率,且高温制备的OFR生物炭在较宽的pH范围（4.0~9.0）与铀初始浓度（0.8~3.0 mg/L）下,均能稳定达到大于98%的去除率,处理后上清液中铀浓度远低于铀矿冶辐射防护和辐射环境保护规定的排放标准。因此,高温制备OFR生物炭在铀尾矿库渗排水原位处理方面,展示了较好的应用前景。

     

Interface-mediated synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles with sulfate-reducing bacterium culture

We have created a new method of ZnS nanospheres synthesis. By interface-mediated precipitation method (IMPM), monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was synthesized on the particle surface of sulfate-reducing bacterium nutritious agar culture. Sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) was used as a sulfide producer because of its dissimilatory sulfate reduction capability, meanwhile produced a variety of amino acids acting as templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Then zinc acetate was dispersed into nutritious agar plate. Subsequently agar plate was broken into particles bearing much external surface, which successfully mediated the synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles. The morphology of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres and SRB were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermostability of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by thermo gravimetric-differential thermo gravimetric (TG-DTG). The maximum absorption wavelengh was analysed with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer within a range of 199–700 nm. As a result, monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with an average diameter of 80 nm. Maximum absorption wavelengh was 228 nm, and heat decomposed temperature of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was 596°C.     

湖泊富营养化模型的研究进展

湖泊的富营养化是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一.湖泊的富营养化模型是防治、修复和治理湖泊富营养化的重要决策工具.按研究的侧重点不同,将湖泊富营养化模型分为简单回归模型、水质模型、生态模型和生态-水动力水质模型,并分别回顾了四类模型的研究进展.最后指出湖泊富营养化模型的发展趋势,强调不确定理论、3S技术、耦合模型是今后湖泊富营养化模型研究的重点,应在此基础上建立通用的模拟、预测、评价和优化模型,为湖泊富营养化管理提供科学依据.     

利用微拟球藻去除污水中氮磷及生产富油生物质

为探讨污水深度处理和同步获取产油微藻的可行性,建立光生物反应器,应用微拟球藻去除污水和中水中的氮磷,并分析不同浓度的Fe3+和Zn2+离子对微藻的生长和油脂积累的影响,从而在净化污水的同时培养微藻获得富油生物质。结果表明,该藻对污水氮磷具有较强的去除能力,可在13 d内,去除水体中96%的氨氮和94%的磷,同时化学需要氧量(COD)的去除率可达72.9%。在生活污水中培养至第16天,微藻的细胞密度可达4.55×106 cell/mL。Fe3+浓度对微拟球藻的生长具有显著影响(P6 cell/mL。该研究以中水和生活污水为基质培养微拟球藻,同时获取微藻油脂,为污水中氮磷的去除和能源的同步获取提供了新途径。     

2017年上半年北京市及周边地区空气质量特征分析

依托北京市、廊坊市和保定市高密度的地面空气质量监测、气象要素监测以及PM_2.5化学组分监测和后向轨迹分析等手段,对2017年上半年三地的空气质量进行分析。研究发现：三地中北京市空气质量较好,保定市较差。分污染物来看,保定市SO₂浓度水平明显高于廊坊市和北京市,颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5也呈现保定市最高、北京市最低的规律。从污染物日变化来看,CO、SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀和PM_2.5呈双峰型分布,O₃呈单峰型分布。从区域整体分布规律来看,PM_2.5和SO₂呈现明显的"南高北低"特征。PM_2.5化学组分分析结果表明：1—4月燃煤对该区域空气质量的影响较大,5—6月机动车排放的影响更为凸显。后向轨迹分析结果表明：在2017年上半年到达北京市的气流中有24%来自于北京市南部,且这些气流多为低空传输,表明区域传输对于北京市空气质量具有一定的影响。     

Characteristics of geological hazards in South China coastal areas and impact on regional sustainable development

Prevention and treatment of geological hazards is important for the sustainable development of human society. Surface geological hazards alone caused direct economic losses of ¥3.47 billion, with 768 deaths and 785 injuries in Guangdong Province, South China, from 1994 to 2005. The major factors causing geological hazards can be categorised into three types: geo-environmental, climatic-meteorological and human activity. Accompanied by rapid economic development and population growth, human activities can cause geological hazards that are as serious as those caused by natural factors. The authors propose some suggestions for prevention and treatment of geological hazards to achieve sustainable development on the Chinese coast.     

Abiotic control on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at a lower dosage

The dissipation routes of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at the dosage of 400 ng g^?1, which represents a residual level after an agricultural application, were studied in a laboratory, using the natural soil under three moisture regimes, sterilised, and organic matter-free soils in the dark at 20°C. The obtained results showed that higher soil moisture caused faster dissipation, and the abiotic and biotic contributions to the total dissipated amount of the applied chlorpyrifos in the soil accounted for 77.3–85.2% and 14.7–22.7%, respectively. In the sterilised soil, the contribution of organic matter to chlorpyrifos dissipation was noticed to account for 95% in the earlier two weeks, and was nearly equal to that of soil minerals two weeks after the incubation.     

光催化氧化（UV+TiO2）法处理印染废水生化出水及其各类有机物去除

采用UV+TiO2光催化氧化法处理印染废水生化出水,考察了反应时间、TiO2投加量以及初始pH对反应的影响,结果表明,TiO2投加量800 mg·L-1,反应时间8 h,反应pH为原水pH(6.5～8.0),在此操作条件下,ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率分别为86%、20%及46%;选取两组反应条件,对其进出水采用XAD-8/XAD-4树脂联用技术,分析疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物的去除情况,结果表明,UV+TiO2光催化氧化处理工艺都能够长期有效去除印染废水生化出水中的弱疏水物质、疏水物质和非酸疏水物质引起的色度.     

还原铁法处理印染废水生化出水及原理

采用还原铁粉处理印染废水生化出水,以ADMI7.6作为主要测试指标,考察铁粉投加量、反应时间以及进水pH对出水水质的影响,并研究在此过程中铁粉还原作用和混凝絮凝作用对整体效果的贡献比.结果表明,条件1:铁粉投加量=1.0 g.L-1,反应时间150 min,进水pH 2;条件2:铁粉投加量1.0 g.L-1,反应时间150 min,进水pH 3.条件1时,ADMI7.6去除率达到80%,但铁泥量大,酸碱消耗大,在此反应条件下,铁粉还原去除40%,混凝絮凝去除60%;条件2时,ADMI7.6去除率达到50%左右,产铁泥量小,经济合理;在此反应条件下,铁粉还原去除55%—63%左右,混凝絮凝去除37%—45%左右.经XAD8/XAD4树脂联用,分析疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物的去除情况表明,条件1时,能够高效去除非酸疏水物质,去除率为95%,对于疏水酸以及弱疏水物质也有一定的去除效果;条件2时,对4类有机物去除均有一定作用,但对于非酸疏水物质以及疏水酸的去除效果要略差于条件1.