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191.
Palle Paul Mejame Mejame Young Mo Kim Dae Sung Lee Seong-Rin Lim 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(1):100-109
Technology development has brought beneficial changes in the functions of smartphones but has the potential to impact the environment due to the high generation of waste smartphones. Thus, this study evaluates and compares environmental impact potentials from metals in waste smartphones to figure out the effect of smartphone model replacements on hazardous waste, resource depletion, and toxicity potentials. The total threshold limit concentration (TTLC) analysis is used to determine whether the waste smartphones would be classified as hazardous waste, and the life-cycle impact assessment methods are used to evaluate resource depletion, cancer, non-cancer, and ecotoxicity potentials. The TTLC results showed that the smartphone technology development did not reduce hazardous waste potentials. The life-cycle impact assessment results showed that the technology development overall reduced resource depletion potential but increased toxicity potential. In addition, priority metals contributing to the potentials were identified to effectively manage their environmental impacts. This study can provide fundamental information for smartphone manufacturers, waste smartphone recyclers and disposers, and e-waste policymakers to circulate resources and to prevent environmental pollutions from hazardous and toxic materials. 相似文献
192.
Abdul A. J. Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Rahman Lee H. Lim 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6287-6300
This paper highlights the levels of anions (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, bromide, chloride, and fluoride) and cations (potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium) in selected springs and groundwater sources in the urban-west region of Zanzibar Island. The levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were also studied. Thirty water samples were collected in December 2012 from various types of water sources, which included closed hand-dug wells (CHDW), open hand-dug wells (OHDW), springwater (SW), public bore wells (PBW), and bore wells owned by private individuals (BWP), and analyzed after filtration and sometimes dilution. The cations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The anions were analyzed by chemically suppressed ion chromatography (IC). The ranges of the levels of the investigated parameters were as follows: Na 13.68–3,656 mg L?1, K 2.66–583 mg L?1, Mg 0.63–131.10 mg L?1, Ca 16.79–189.9 mg L?1, Cl? 8.61–4,340.97 mg L?1, F? 0–1.02 mg L?1, Br? 0–10.88 mg L?1, NO3 ? 0.18–342.4 mg L?1, NO2 ? 0–1.39, SO4 2? 4.43–534.02 mg L?1, TDS 7–6,380 mg L?1, and SAR 0.63–50. Except fluoride, most of the studied parameters in the water samples had concentrations beyond the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). The elevated concentrations are a result of seepage of contaminated water from on-site septic tanks, pit latrines, landfill leachates, fertilizer applications, and domestic effluents. These results should alert domestic water stakeholders in Zanzibar to the urgent task of initiating a quick mitigation response to control these alarming water risks. 相似文献
193.
Assessment of water quality based on Landsat 8 operational land imager associated with human activities in Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Water pollution such as green algae blooms and eutrophication in freshwater fatally influences both water quality and human society. Water quality issues in the 4 major rivers in Korea, including the Nakdong, have recently become a major concern. For this reason, it is essential to monitor water quality parameters (WQPs) that have a widespread characteristic to ensure maintenance of an effective water management system. The possibility of utilizing remote sensing technology for monitoring water quality on a regional scale has been recently investigated. The main objective of this study is to evaluate potential applications of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for estimating water quality in the Nakdong River, Korea. Correlations between Landsat 8 bands and in situ measurements are determined, and water quality models are established for estimating suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and total phosphorus (TP). The results demonstrate that WQPs correlated well with band reflectance values from Landsat 8. Band 5 was reasonably correlated with all WQPs, particularly with SS (R?=??0.74) and Chl-a (R?=??0.71). This study constructed multiple regression equations for WQPs based on correlation analysis through band combination and band ratio. The spatial distribution of WQPs in the Nakdong River on October 27, 2013 and May 16, 2014 indicate that the river was nearly eutrophic from human activities. Based on the results, the Landsat 8 OLI may be an appropriate data for estimating and monitoring water quality parameters on a regional scale. However, further validation is required to support the findings of this study. 相似文献
194.
A comparison of radiometric correction techniques in the evaluation of the relationship between LST and NDVI in Landsat imagery 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Atmospheric corrections for multi-temporal optical satellite images are necessary, especially in change detection analyses,
such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) rationing. Abrupt change detection analysis using remote-sensing techniques
requires radiometric congruity and atmospheric correction to monitor terrestrial surfaces over time. Two atmospheric correction
methods were used for this study: relative radiometric normalization and the simplified method for atmospheric correction
(SMAC) in the solar spectrum. A multi-temporal data set consisting of two sets of Landsat images from the period between 1991
and 2002 of Penang Island, Malaysia, was used to compare NDVI maps, which were generated using the proposed atmospheric correction
methods. Land surface temperature (LST) was retrieved using ATCOR3_T in PCI Geomatica 10.1 image processing software. Linear
regression analysis was utilized to analyze the relationship between NDVI and LST. This study reveals that both of the proposed
atmospheric correction methods yielded high accuracy through examination of the linear correlation coefficients. To check
for the accuracy of the equation obtained through linear regression analysis for every single satellite image, 20 points were
randomly chosen. The results showed that the SMAC method yielded a constant value (in terms of error) to predict the NDVI
value from linear regression analysis-derived equation. The errors (average) from both proposed atmospheric correction methods
were less than 10%. 相似文献
195.
196.
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed to quantitatively evaluate all environmental impacts from products, systems, processes and services. However, LCIA does not always provide valuable information for choosing among alternatives with different specifications, functionalities and lifetimes. The objectives of this study are (1) to propose environmental indicators to evaluate environmental efficiency and value qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of analogies to financial and economic indicators, and (2) to present the application of the indicators. Incremental evaluation using a reference is employed to obtain the environmental indicators. The environmental efficiency indicators are conceptually based on the ratios of reduced environmental burdens returned to environmental burdens required: environmental return on investment, environmental payback period and environmental internal rate of return. The environmental value indicator is the sum of all reduced and required environmental burdens: i.e., environmental net present value. All the environmental indicators can be used to compare and rank the environmental efficiencies or values of alternatives. The environmental efficiency indicators can be applied to a new environmental labeling. The concept of eco-efficiency labeling is developed by combining the environmental efficiency indicators with financial indicators. A case study is performed to illustrate the necessity and importance of the environmental indicators. These environmental indicators can help easily communicate LCIA results in the field of environmental management. 相似文献
197.
Aiko Matsunaga Kenneth S. Docherty Yong B. Lim Paul J. Ziemann 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1349-1357
The products and mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the OH radical-initiated reactions of linear alkenes in the presence of NOx were investigated in an environmental chamber. The SOA consisted primarily of products formed through reactions initiated by OH radical addition to the CC double bond, including β-hydroxynitrates and dihydroxynitrates, as well as cyclic hemiacetals, dihydrofurans, and dimers formed from particle-phase reactions of dihydroxycarbonyls. 1,4-Hydroxynitrates formed through reactions initiated by H-atom abstraction also appeared to contribute. Product yields and OH radical and alkoxy radical rate constants taken from the literature or calculated using structure–reactivity methods were used to develop a quantitative chemical mechanism for these reactions. SOA yields were then calculated using this mechanism with gas-particle partitioning theory and estimated product vapor pressures for comparison with measured values. Calculated and measured SOA yields agreed very well at high carbon numbers when semi-volatile products were primarily in the particle phase, but diverged with decreasing carbon number to a degree that depended on the model treatment of dihydroxycarbonyls, which appeared to undergo reversible reactions in the particle phase. The results indicate that the chemical mechanism developed here provides an accurate representation of the gas-phase chemistry, but the utility of the SOA model depends on the partitioning regime. The results also demonstrate some of the advantages of studying simple aerosol-forming reactions in which the majority of products can be identified and quantified, in this case leading to insights into both gas- and particle-phase chemistry. 相似文献
198.
199.
Kwok-Yii Leong Rohana Adnan Poh-Eng Lim Si-Ling Ng Chye-Eng Seng 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(26):20959-20971
The effects of dry biomass density in cryogel beads, shaking speed and initial concentration ratio of phenol to 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) on the bioregeneration efficiencies of binary phenol and 4-CP-loaded granular activated carbon (GAC) for phenol and 4-CP, respectively, were investigated under the simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation approach. The results revealed higher bioregeneration efficiencies of binary-loaded GAC for phenol and 4-CP at higher dry biomass density but moderate shaking speed. The optimum dry biomass density in cryogel beads and shaking speed for use in bioregeneration were found to be 0.01 g/mL and 250 rpm, respectively. With respect to the initial phenol to 4-CP concentration ratio, the bioregeneration efficiencies were lower under increasing phenol and 4-CP initial concentrations, respectively, with the effect being more conspicuous under increasing 4-CP concentration. Higher bioregeneration efficiencies were achieved with the use of immobilized rather than suspended biomasses. 相似文献
200.