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851.
Research on the nature and extent of metal-contaminated soil began with an urban garden study in Baltimore, MD (USA). Largest quantities of soil metals were clustered in the inner city with lesser amounts scattered throughout metropolitan Baltimore. The probability values of metal clustering varied from P value 10?15–10?23 depending on element. The inner-city clustering of lead (Pb) could not be explained by Pb-based paint alone. A major Pb source was tetraethyl lead (TEL), developed as an anti-knock agent for use in vehicle fuel, thereby making highway traffic flow a toxic substance delivery system in cities. Further study in Minneapolis and St. Paul confirmed the clustering of inner-city soil metals, especially Pb. Based on the evidence, the Minnesota State Legislature petitioned Congress to curtail Pb additives resulting in the rapid phasedown of TEL on January 1, 1986, 10 years ahead of the EPA scheduled ban. Further research in New Orleans, Louisiana (NOLA), verified the link between soil Pb, blood Pb, morbidity, and societal health. Although Pb is a known cause of clinical impairment, there is no known effective medical intervention for reducing children’s blood Pb exposure. Ingestion and inhalation are routes of exposure requiring prevention, and soil is a reservoir of Pb. Children’s blood Pb exposure observed in pre-Hurricane Katrina (August 29, 2005) NOLA underwent substantial decreases 10 years post-Katrina due to many factors including input of low Pb sediment residues by the storm surge and the introduction of low Pb landscaping materials from outside of the city. Investigation on the topic is ongoing. 相似文献
852.
853.
Howard W. Mielke Chris R. Gonzales Elise Cahn Jessica Brumfield Eric T. Powell Paul W. MielkeJr 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(5):431-440
Arsenic (As) ranks first on the 2005 and 2007 hazardous substances priority lists compiled for the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This study describes two New Orleans soil As surveys: (1) a survey of
composite soil samples from 286 census tracts and (2) a field survey of soil As at 38 play areas associated with the presence
of chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA)-treated wood on residential and public properties. The survey of metropolitan New Orleans
soils revealed a median As content of 1.5 mg/kg (range <0.2–16.4) and no distinctive differences between the soils of the
city core and outlying areas. Play area accessible soils associated with CCA-treated wood (N = 32) had a median As of 57 mg/kg and 78% of the samples were ≥12 mg/kg, the Louisiana soil As standard. The field survey
of play areas for CCA-treated wood (N = 132 samples at 38 sites) was conducted with a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Seventy-five
of 132 wood samples (56.8%) were deemed CCA-treated wood. Of the 38 play areas surveyed, 14 (36.8%) had CCA-treated wood.
A significant association (Fisher’s exact p-value = 0.348 × 10−6) was found between CCA-treated wood and soil As (N = 75). At one elementary school CCA-treated woodchips (As range 813–1,654 mg As/kg) covered the playgrounds. The situation
in New Orleans probably exists in play areas across the nation. These findings support a precautionary program for testing
soils and wood for hazardous substances at all play areas intended for children. 相似文献
854.
Matthew B. Toomey Michael W. Butler Melissa G. Meadows Lisa A. Taylor H. Bobby Fokidis Kevin J. McGraw 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(6):1047-1055
The glossy sheen of healthy hair is an ideal of human beauty; however, glossiness has never been quantified in the context
of non-human animal signaling. Glossiness, the specular reflectance characteristic of polished surfaces, has the potential
to act as a signal of quality because it depends upon material integrity and cleanliness. Here, we undertook two studies of
glossiness in avian plumage to determine (a) the repeatability of a recently developed measure of glossiness, (b) the relationship
between glossiness and conventional measures of coloration, and (c) how glossiness is associated with quality signaling. Using
museum specimens of three North American bird species with glossy plumage (red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus; great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus; Chihuahuan raven, Corvus cryptoleucus), we found that the glossiness measure was highly repeatable for all species and was significantly correlated with plumage
coloration (e.g., chroma, brightness) in male great-tailed grackles. We then used wild-caught grackles to examine sexual dimorphism
in plumage glossiness and its correlation to a potentially sexually selected trait in this species, male tail length. We found
that males were significantly glossier than females and that male, but not female, glossiness correlated positively with tail
length. This study provides a repeatable method to measure glossiness and highlights its potential as a signal of individual
quality in animals. 相似文献
855.
The spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, is predominantly nocturnal, remaining inside shelters during the day and foraging outside at night, presumably to minimize
predation risk. Predation risk generally decreases with increasing lobster size. Therefore, this study examined the hypothesis
that size would influence this basic circadian pattern. Video cameras continuously recorded the shelter occupancy of juvenile
lobsters (n = 72) having a carapace length (CL) of 30–62 mm that were tethered to shelters in a shallow reef lagoon. The lobsters’ shelter
occupancy was 100% during the day, but declined linearly from shortly before sunset to a minimum of 50% shortly after midnight
and then increased linearly, reaching 100% by 1 h after sunrise. The percent time the lobsters spent in the shelters followed
a similar trend, but there was wide variability at night (0–100%) for individual lobsters. Lobsters left their shelters 2–30
times night−1, with a majority of excursions lasting <10 min. These results suggest that juvenile P. argus minimize predation risk by remaining in their shelters as long as possible but offset the energetic cost of this behavior
by foraging close to their shelters for several short periods at night. This emergence pattern contrasts with those of early
benthic phase lobsters (<15 mm CL), which seldom leave their shelters, and adults (>80 mm CL), which have a dusk/early evening
peak in activity and leave the shelter for extended periods of time during the night. Furthermore, a minimum shelter occupancy
in the middle of the night appears especially well adapted to avoid exposure to daytime predators. Videotaped observations
also included interactions between lobsters and two dominant lobster predators, the triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, and the octopus Octopus cf. vulgaris. Lobsters responded differently to these predators: remaining in the shelter when attacked by a triggerfish and fleeing the
shelter when attacked by an octopus. Triggerfish were nearly twice as likely to attack a lobster that was outside of the shelter
than inside. Once under attack, however, a lobster had nearly the same chance of surviving if it was inside or outside. Results
suggest that the patterns of shelter use and emergence change as lobsters grow, probably reflecting the interplay between
perception of predation risk and the need to forage.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
856.
Exposure to respirable suspended particles (RSP), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles, nicotine, and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) was assessed in Turin for 188 subjects during February and March 1995. Personal monitors were worn over a 24-h period, each subject providing a saliva sample for cotinine analysis both prior to and following the monitoring period. Comprehensive lifestyle questionnaires were also completed before and after the 24-h monitoring period. The study comprised housewives in one group, primarily for assessing exposures in the home, and office workers in a second group to assess exposures in the workplace. A single personal monitor was worn by each participating housewife, while employed subjects wore one monitor at work and a separate monitor at home and elsewhere. Based on median 24-h time-weighted average exposures, the most highly exposed subjects to RSP, ETS particles, nicotine, and 3-EP were office workers living with smokers and employed in locations where smoking was allowed. Annualised exposures for nonsmokers living and working in smoking environments indicate that the home contribution to RSP is between 3 and 4 times that obtained from the workplace. Similarly nicotine and ETS particle contributions from the home are, respectively, 4 and 7 times more than those obtained from the workplace. Subjects living and working with smokers had the highest median saliva cotinine levels of 1.7 ng mL−1. Using a cut off level of 25 ng mL−1, up to 6.5% of subjects were found to have misreported themselves as nonsmokers. 相似文献
857.
858.
Howard BJ Beresford NA Nisbet A Cox G Oughton DH Hunt J Alvarez B Andersson KG Liland A Voigt G 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,83(3):275-295
The STRATEGY project (Sustainable Restoration and Long-Term Management of Contaminated Rural, Urban and Industrial Ecosystems) aimed to provide a holistic decision framework for the selection of optimal restoration strategies for the long-term sustainable management of contaminated areas in Western Europe. A critical evaluation was carried out of countermeasures and waste disposal options, from which compendia of state-of-the-art restoration methods were compiled. A decision support system capable of optimising spatially varying restoration strategies, that considered the level of averted dose, costs (including those of waste disposal) and environmental side effects was developed. Appropriate methods of estimating indirect costs associated with side effects and of communicating with stakeholders were identified. The importance of stakeholder consultation at a local level and of ensuring that any response is site and scenario specific were emphasised. A value matrix approach was suggested as a method of addressing social and ethical issues within the decision-making process, and was designed to be compatible with both the countermeasure compendia and the decision support system. The applicability and usefulness of STRATEGY outputs for food production systems in the medium to long term is assessed. 相似文献
859.
Sigurgeirsson MA Arnalds O Palsson SE Howard BJ Gudnason K 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,79(1):39-53
The retention of 137Cs in various types of Andosols in Iceland was investigated. Soils were sampled at 29 sites with varying precipitation and environmental conditions. Samples were obtained from 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 15 cm depths. The amount of radiocaesium present was quite variable, ranging between 300 and 4800 Bq m(-2) and correlated closely to total annual precipitation (r2=0.71). The majority of 137Cs, 82.7% on average, was retained in the uppermost 5 cm of the soil. The greatest penetration of 137Cs was observed for organic Histosols (76.3% in top 5 cm). The Icelandic Vitrisols (barren, poorly developed Andosols) are coarse grained with only 2-5% clay content and contain little organic matter (<1%). Yet these soils retained 74% of 137Cs in the top 5 cm. The results indicate that radiocaesium fallout is strongly retained by colloidal materials characteristic of Andosols, such as allophane and ferrihydrite. Most soils in Iceland are subject to severe and prolonged freezing and waterlogging; despite this, 137Cs is retained in the upper soil horizons and vertical migration is negligible in Icelandic Andosols. However, erosion and aeolian activity can markedly influence the amount and vertical distribution of radiocaesium in Icelandic soils. 相似文献
860.