带内锥的方形扩散式分离器壁面磨损的数值分析

运用数值模拟方法对带内锥的方形扩散式旋风分离器壁面关键部位的磨损情况进行了数值模拟。气固相研究分别采用雷诺应力模型和随机轨道模型。计算结果显示,分离器内磨损比较严重的部位主要有：分离器顶盖、圆筒段、方形扩散段下部、反射锥外壁面、反射锥内壁面下部、灰斗及灰斗上部方形段。最严重的是反射锥外壁面、灰斗及灰斗上部方形段等几个部位。     

青岛“上合峰会”期间夜间臭氧增长成因分析

针对青岛“上合峰会”保障期间出现夜间臭氧（O₃）浓度增长的现象,本文利用地面常规观测资料和污染物浓度数据对其进行分析和研究.结果表明,在6日20：00~23：00,青岛出现O₃浓度持续性增长,峰值浓度达194μg/m³,浓度增长速率达10.7μg/（m³·h）.结合NCEP/FNL再分析资料可知,在夜间西南风的作用下,江苏、安徽等地排放的O₃及其前体物向青岛传输,并在边界层内下沉运动作用下,将其传输至近地面.通过计算边界层内通风量可知,6日边界层内最大风速区高度逐渐降低,达到低空急流的标准,且在夜间1000m以下的通风量呈现出波动性增长,500m和500~1000m高度的通风量峰值分别为3900和5892m²/s.另外,本研究基于CAMx空气质量数值模式中的O₃来源追踪方法（OSAT）对其进行了模拟分析,结果显示在夜间O₃增长时段（20：00~23：00）,青岛地区的主要贡献来源分别为江苏、安徽以及上海,上述3地的贡献比例平均为62.3%、16.6%和8.6%.     

典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐源解析

地下河是岩溶地区地下水赋存运动的主要场所和重要水源,近年来,硝酸盐污染严重.为解析典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐的来源,利用δ~(15)N-NO~-_3、δ~(18)O-NO~-_3和δ~(18)O-H_2O稳定同位素示踪技术开展研究,并通过SIAR稳定同位素模型,对不同污染源的贡献率进行了定量识别,同时阐明了土地利用类型对流域水体硝酸盐分布及来源的影响.结果表明:①降雨/化肥中的氨盐、土壤有机氮和粪肥污水是流域内水体硝酸盐的主要来源;②流域内水体硝酸盐的转化过程主要以硝化作用为主导,水体硝酸盐氮氧同位素初始值未受分馏影响;③基于SIAR模型,不同端元对流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例呈季节性差异,化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水对丰水期流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为57.07%、 34.06%和8.87%;对流域内枯水期水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为34.14%、 33.02%和32.84%.     

黄河源区水库二氧化碳逸出暖季变化规律及影响因素分析——以刘家峡水库为例

河流上修建水库改变了自然状态下的水流运动,而且深刻影响着物质传输和交换过程.本文以黄河源区12级梯级水库群末端的刘家峡水库为例,在2016年4、8月和2017年5月进行了3次野外试验,采用Li-7000静态箱法监测了刘家峡水库入库前、库中和出库河道内的二氧化碳分压(p(CO2))、二氧化碳逸出量(F(CO2)),并测定了相关水化学因素,包括pH、溶解氧(DO)和水温(T),综合分析了水库碳逸出的暖季时空变化规律及其影响因素.结果表明:在河流流向上,刘家峡水库库区内的p(CO2)和F(CO2)(601.6μatm和85 g·m-2·a-1,以C计,下同)均低于入库前水体(670μatm和328 g·m-2·a-1)和出库后水体(680.5μatm和372 g·m-2·a-1),水体的pH变化范围为7.90~8.80,DO变化范围为102%~145%;垂向上,pH为7.81~8.65,DO为82%~140%,从水面至水库库底p(CO2)的变化范围为617~1087μatm,p(CO2)、pH和DO均随水深增加而降低,且8月变化强于4月和5月;水温在垂向上存在明显的分层现象,温度范围为5~25℃.库区内的光合作用降低了水体溶解CO2的含量,出库水体由于水流波动较大,F(CO2)明显增加,8月水体的F(CO2)均低于5月,可能是由于水库中的热分层现象更加显著,进一步促进了浮游植物的生长,对溶解性CO2的利用增加.通过对世界范围内不同纬度和海拔高度的水库F(CO2)的统计发现,刘家峡水库的F(CO2)在温带地区水库的F(CO2)中呈较低水平,其高海拔的地理位置及梯级水库的拦截作用是重要原因.本研究可为高寒高海拔地区水库的F(CO2)评估和全球水库碳排放评价提供依据.     

Biogeochemical cycling of metals impacting by microbial mobilization and immobilization

Microbial mobilization and immobilization processes can affect the bioavailability and mobility of metals thereby influencing their toxicity and can therefore be utilized to treat solid and liquid wastes contaminated by metals. However, the microbial mobilization and immobilization of metals depends on the microbial metabolism, the environment conditions. In this review, mobilization and immobilization of metals are discussed with regard to the presence and function of involved microorganisms and in relation to applications such as bioleaching. Furthermore, the biosorption process is evaluated as a possible approach for microbial immobilization of metal on the basis of four mechanisms:(1) physical adsorption,(2) ion exchange,(3) complexation, and(4) microprecipitation. In addition, sulfide precipitation by sulfate reducing bacteria was included as an example of an application of microbial immobilization. Based on the evaluation and recommendations in this paper, bioremediation strategies for metals can be improved thus increasing the opportunity for field applications.     

Buses retrofitting with diesel particle filters: Real-world fuel economy and roadworthiness test considerations

Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter(DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.     

美国食品安全形势及其污染环境法律保障研究

食品的安全对人类的身体健康和生存条件有较大影响。为了对食品安全、生态环境和人类的身体健康进行保障,需要对食品的安全形式及其污染环境法律进行研究。食品安全事件的发生会造成消费者死亡、急性发病或慢性发病,对人类的健康造成严重的或长期的危害。食品安全事件也会给国家的经济造成巨大损失,并对土壤、空气、河流等自然环境造成了严重的污染。阐述食品安全法律保护的必要性,依据美国政府系统、全面、科学的食品安全管理体系,在指导原则的基础上,通过政府的司法、立法和执法三个部分对食品安全进行监督,提高食品安全问题的重视程度。     

Field studies on 32P movement and P leaching from flooded paddy soils in the region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH2 32PO4 tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total 32P retained in the 0-5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The 32P retained in the 25-30 cm layer was only about 1-2% of the total 32P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of 32P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of 32P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0-30 cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5-5.8% and 1.6-2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

循环流化床锅炉处理褐煤加压气化炉炉渣的技术评价

褐煤加压气化炉对环境有重大影响.在生产过程中,由于褐煤煤质差,灰份含量高,炉渣的产生量大,炉渣可用循环流化床锅炉进行处理.结合国内的实际情况,对循环流化床锅炉处理褐煤加压气化炉炉渣进行了技术评价.     

三维Pd/OMC粒子电极体系电催化泛影酸盐还原脱碘研究

以泛影酸盐(DTZ)的高效还原脱碘为目标,通过硼氢化钠还原法制备钯负载有序介孔碳(Pd/OMC)作为粒子电极,以碳纤维(CFP)电极作为主阴极,建立了三维电极电催化还原体系.该体系在低阴极电位下(-0.6～-0.8 V)可实现电化学/感应电化学的耦合还原,其脱碘速率是单独阴极体系的2.38～3.65倍;在阴极电位高于析氢电位(-1.5 V)时,可实现电化学/感应电化学/化学催化加氢多还原过程协同去除碘代有机物,其反应速率为单独阴极体系的1.27～4.69倍.进一步研究了DTZ初始浓度、Pd/OMC投加量及Pd的负载量对DTZ还原去除的影响.电化学测试结果表明三维电化学体系具有良好的电子传递能力与电还原性能.利用自由基淬灭实验与ESR自由基捕获对活性还原物种分析,表明原子H~*在三维电化学还原脱碘过程中起重要作用.