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981.
Lacerda LD Molisani MM Sena D Maia LP 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,141(1-3):149-164
The Northeastern semi-arid Brazilian region is experiencing rapid social and economic development based on improving water
management and even in areas of low human occupation, anthropogenic emissions of N and P surpass natural emissions in at least
one order of magnitude and these additional loads can alter the water quality of the receiving estuaries. This study estimates,
using an emission factor approach, the annual emissions of N and P from natural processes and anthropogenic sources for estuaries
along the Ceará State, NE Brazil. Emission factors from natural sources are one to two orders of magnitude lower than those
for anthropogenic sources. Among the anthropogenic activities, the aquaculture is responsible for most N emission (0.52 t
km−2 year−1) followed by waste water and husbandry. For P, the largest average emission factors are from husbandry (0.30 t km−2 year−1), waste water and agriculture. 相似文献
982.
Lussier SM da Silva SN Charpentier M Heltshe JF Cormier SM Klemm DJ Chintala M Jayaraman S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):119-136
Watershed land use in suburban areas can affect stream biota through degradation of instream habitat, water quality, and riparian vegetation. By monitoring stream biotic communities in various geographic regions, we can better understand and conserve our watershed ecosystems. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between watershed land use and the integrity of benthic invertebrate communities in eight streams that were assessed over a 3-year period (2001-2003). Sites were selected from coastal Rhode Island watersheds along a residential land-use gradient (4-59%). Using the rapid bioassessment protocol, we collected biological, physicochemical, habitat, and nutrient data from wadeable stream reaches and compared metrics of structure and integrity. Principal component analyses showed significant negative correlation of indicators for stream physicochemical, habitat, and instream biodiversity with increasing residential land use (RLU) in the watershed. The physicochemical variables that were most responsive to percent RLU were conductivity, instream habitat, nitrate, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The positive correlation of DIN with percent RLU indicated an anthropogenic source of pollution affecting the streams. The biotic composition of the streams shifted from sensitive to insensitive taxa as percent RLU increased; the most responsive biological variables were percent Ephemeroptera, percent Scrapers, percent Insects, and the Hilsenhoff biotic index. These data show the importance of land management and conservation at the watershed scale to sustaining the biotic integrity of coastal stream ecosystems. 相似文献
983.
Mércia?de Oliveira?Cardoso Elvira?M.?R.?PedrosaEmail author Mário?M.?Rolim ênio?F.?F.?e?Silva Patrícia?A.?de?Barros 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3529-3544
Nematodes present high potential as a biological indicator of soil quality. In this work, it was evaluated relations between
soil physical properties and nematode community under sugarcane cropping and remaining of Atlantic Forest areas in Northeastern
Pernambuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from September to November 2009 along two 200-m transects in both remaining
of Atlantic Forest and sugarcane field at deeps of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm. For soil characterization, it
was carried out analysis of soil size, water content, total porosity, bulk density, and particle density. The level of soil
mechanical resistance was evaluated through a digital penetrometer. Nematodes were extracted per 300 cm3 of soil through centrifugal flotation in sucrose being quantified, classified according trophic habit, and identified in
level of genus or family. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation at 5% of probability. Geostatistical analysis showed
that the penetration resistance, water content, total porosity, and bulk density on both forest and cultivated area exhibited
spatial dependence at the sampled scale, and their experimental semivariograms were fitted to spherical and exponential models.
In forest area, the ectoparasites and free-living nematodes exhibited spherical model. In sugarcane field, the soil nematodes
exhibited pure nugget effect. Pratylenchus sp. and Helicotylenchus sp. were prevalent in sugarcane field, but in forest, there was prevalence of Dorylaimidae and Rhabditidae. Total amount
of nematode did not differ between environments; however, community trophic structure in forest presented prevalence of free-living
nematodes: omnivores followed by bacterial-feeding soil nematodes, while plant-feeding nematodes were prevalent in sugarcane
field. The nematode diversity was higher in the remaining of Atlantic Forest. However, the soil mechanical resistance was
higher under sugarcane cropping, affecting more directly the free-living nematodes; especially Dorylaimidae which was the
most sensible to changes in soil physical properties. 相似文献
984.
Juliana V. Teixeira Sandra Miranda Ricardo A. R. Monteiro Filipe V. S. Lopes Joana Madureira Gabriela V. Silva Nazaré Pestana Eugénia Pinto Vítor J. P. Vilar Rui A. R. Boaventura 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):59-72
The main objective of this work was to quantify and characterize the major indoor air contaminants present in different stages of a municipal WWTP, including microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide ammonia, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In general, the total bacteria concentration was found to vary from 60 to >52,560 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3, and the total fungi concentration ranged from 369 to 14,068 CFU/m3. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria were observed in higher number than Gram-negative bacteria. CO2 concentration ranged from 251 to 9,710 ppm, and CO concentration was either not detected or presented a level of 1 ppm. H2S concentration ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 ppm. NH3 concentration was <2 ppm in most samples. Formaldehyde was <0.01 ppm at all sampling sites. The total VOC concentration ranged from 36 to 1,724 μg/m3. Among the VOCs, toluene presented the highest concentration. Results point to indoor/outdoor ratios higher than one. In general, the highest levels of airborne contaminants were detected at the primary treatment (SEDIPAC 3D), secondary sedimentation, and sludge dehydration. At most sampling sites, the concentrations of airborne contaminants were below the occupational exposure limits (OELs) for all the campaigns. However, a few contaminants were above OELs in some sampling sites. 相似文献
985.
Water quality of the Ribeirão Preto Stream, a watercourse under anthropogenic influence in the southeast of Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Renato I. da Silva Alves Osmar de Oliveira Cardoso Karina A. de Abreu Tonani Fabiana C. Julião Tânia M. B. Trevilato Susana I. Segura-Muñoz 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1151-1161
It is known that Brazil still has a privileged position of water quantity and quality, but water use has not proceeded in a responsible manner and often results in impairment of quality. This study aims to evaluate limnological parameters, parasites and bacteria, and concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Zn) in surface water of Ribeirão Preto Stream. The Ribeirão Preto Stream is located in urban areas under anthropogenic influence. The results showed that the levels of dissolved oxygen values were lower than those established by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA Resolution No 357/2005). The reading of electrical conductivity showed values typical of impacted environments. The parasitological analysis revealed the presence of nematode larvae. The bacteriological analysis showed higher values for total coliform and Escherichia coli than those set by the Brazilian National Environment Council (CONAMA). The heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Zn showed concentrations in accordance with the guidelines established by CONAMA. The results provide data on the quality of these waters and showed the necessity to protect the watercourse from point sources of contamination, recommending their continued monitoring. 相似文献
986.
Ehsan Asadi Manuel C. Gameiro da Silva J. J. Costa 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):865-875
Good indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings provides a comfortable and healthy environment for the occupants to work, learn, study, etc. Therefore, it is important to ascertain the IAQ status in the buildings. This study is aimed to establish and demonstrate the comprehensive IAQ audit approach for public buildings, based on Portugal national laws. Four public buildings in Portugal are used to demonstrate the IAQ audit application. The systematic approach involves the measurement of physical parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and concentration of the suspended particulate matter), monitoring of the concentrations of selected chemical indicators [carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ozone, and total volatile organic compounds], and the measurements of biological indicators (bacteria and fungi). In addition, air exchange rates are measured by the concentration decay method using metabolic CO2 as the tracer gas. The comprehensive audits indicated some situations of common IAQ problems in buildings, namely: (1) insufficient ventilation rate, (2) too high particle concentration; and (3) poor filtration effectiveness and hygienic conditions in most of the air handling units. Accordingly, a set of recommendations for the improvement of IAQ conditions were advised to the building owner/managers. 相似文献
987.
988.
Toledo VE de Almeida Júnior PB Quiterio SL Arbilla G Moreira A Escaleira V Moreira JC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):49-59
The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Campus (FIOCRUZ), in a suburban region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, was selected as a case study
to assess the pollution released from vehicle and industrial facilities in Basin III, the most polluted area of the city.
Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and trace metals in airborne particles were determined in an intensive field campaign.
The samplings were performed every six days for 24 h periods, using a PM10 high volume sampler, from September 2004 to August
2005. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically and the metals by ICP-OES. For PM10, the arithmetic mean for
the period is 169 ± 42 μg m−3 which is 3.4 times the national recommended standard of 50 μg m−3. Additionally, 51% of the samplings exceeded the recommended 24 h limit of 150 μg m−3. Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al were the metals that presented the higher concentrations. The correlation matrix gave two main clusters
and three significant principal components (PC). Both PC1 and PC2 are associated to crustal, vehicular and industrial emissions
while PC3 is mainly associated to geological material. Enrichment factors for Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb indicate that for these elements,
anthropic sources prevail over natural inputs. PM10 levels showed a good correlation with hospital admissions for respiratory
diseases in children and elderly people. 相似文献
989.
Iain McLellan Andrew Hursthouse Calum Morrison Adélia Varela Cristina Silva Pereira 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(2):1281-1293
A major concern for the cork and wine industry is ‘cork taint’ which is associated with chloroanisoles, the microbial degradation metabolites of chlorophenols. The use of chlorophenolic compounds as pesticides within cork forests was prohibited in 1993 in the European Union (EU) following the introduction of industry guidance. However, cork produced outside the EU is still thought to be affected and simple, robust methods for chlorophenol analysis are required for wider environmental assessment by industry and local environmental regulators. Soil samples were collected from three common-use forests in Tunisia and from one privately owned forest in Sardinia, providing examples of varied management practice and degree of human intervention. These provided challenge samples for the optimisation of a HPLC-UV detection method. It produced recoveries consistently >75 % against a soil CRM (ERM-CC008) for pentachlorophenol. The optimised method, with ultraviolet (diode array) detection is able to separate and quantify 16 different chlorophenols at field concentrations greater than the limits of detection ranging from 6.5 to 191.3 μg/kg (dry weight). Application to a range of field samples demonstrated the absence of widespread contamination in forest soils at sites sampled in Sardinia and Tunisia. 相似文献
990.
Caetano AL Gonçalves F Sousa JP Cachada A Pereira E Duarte AC Ferreira da Silva E Pereira R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):925-936
This study describes the first attempt to validate a Portuguese natural soil (PTRS1) to be used as reference soil for ecotoxicological purposes, aimed to both: (i) obtain ecotoxicological data for the derivation of Soil Screening Values (SSVs) with regional relevance, acting as a substrate to be spiked with ranges of concentrations of the chemicals under evaluation and (ii) act as control and as substrate for the dilution of contaminated soils in ecotoxicological assays performed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of contaminated soils, in tier 2 of risk assessment frameworks, applied to contaminated lands. The PTRS1 is a cambisol from a granitic area integrated in the Central Iberian Zone. After chemical characterization of the soil in terms of pseudo-total metals, PAHs, PCBs and pesticide contents, it was possible to perceive that some metals (Ba, Be, Co, Cr and V) surpass the Dutch Target Values (Dtvs) corrected for the percentage of organic matter and clay of the PTRS1. Nevertheless, these metals displayed total concentrations below the background total concentrations described for Portuguese soils in general. The same was observed for aldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, heptachlor epoxide, and heptachlor; however the Dtvs corrected become negligible. The performance of invertebrate and plant species, commonly used in standard ecotoxicological assays, was not compromised by both soil properties and soil metal contents. The results obtained suggest that the PTRS1 can be used as a natural reference soil in ecotoxicological assays carried out under the scope of ecological risk assessment. 相似文献