固定化微生物脱氮技术

在废水生物脱氮中 ,利用载体固定、形成颗粒污泥等固定化微生物技术可在增加生物脱氮速度、节省碳源、减少后曝气等方面提供有效的方法 ,并实现单级生物脱氮     

UV/Fenton法处理间-甲酚废水

利用UV/Fenton工艺对模拟间-甲苯酚废水进行了处理,研究了H2O2加入量、FeSO4加入量、pH、原水初始COD值、环境温度、反应时间等因素对COD去除率的影响.实验表明:间-甲苯酚浓度为100mg/L、初始COD值251 mg/L的废水,在30℃下,pH为4.Q,[H2O2]/[Fe2 ]=15(质量浓度比),紫外灯照射3 h后,COD去除率达86.3%,若再经Ca(OH)2絮凝沉降,则COD去除率提高到92.6%.同时,对Fenton及UV/Fenton的处理效果进行了比较,实验表明:UV/Fenton的处理效果明显优于Fenton法.     

Comparison between fractionation and bioavailability of trace elements in rhizosphere and bulk soils

Rhizosphere is a microbiosphere and has quite different chemical, physical and biological properties from bulk soils. A greenhouse experiment was performed to compare the difference of fractionation and bioavailability of trace elements Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil. In the meantime, the influence of air-drying on the fractionation and bioavailability was also investigated by using wet soil sample as a control. Soils in a homemade rhizobox were divided into four zones: rhizosphere, near rhizosphere, near bulk soil and bulk soil zones, which was designated as S1, S2, S3 and S4. Elemental speciations were fractionated to water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1), Fe-Mn oxide bound (B2), and organic and sulfide bound (B3) by a sequential extraction procedure. Speciation differences were observed for elements Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd between the rhizosphere and bulk soils, and between the air-dried and wet soils as well. The concentrations of all six heavy metals in fraction B1 followed the order of S2 > S3 > S1 > S4 and for B2, the order was S2 > S3 S4 > S1. For B3, the order was S1 > S3 S4 > S2, while for Cd the order was S2 > S3 approximately/= S4 > S1. The air-drying increased elemental concentration in fractions B1 and B2 by 20-50% and decreased in fraction B3 by about 20-100%. Correlation analysis also indicated that the bioavailability correlation coefficient of fraction B1 in rhizosphere wet soil to plants was better than that between either air-dried or nonrhizosphere soils. Therefore, application of rhizosphere wet soils should be recommended in the future study on the speciation analysis of trace elements in soils and bioavailability.     

奶牛粪便排泄系数测定

随着奶牛养殖业的发展,养殖粪便也大幅度的增加,而准确量化所产生的污染物,是环保部门需要解决的问题。通过实验测定奶牛粪便排泄系数,有利于对奶牛养殖污染物的排放进行管理。     

铂/铑二元针织网在云天化硝酸生产中的应用

新研制的铂铑二元针织网与三元针织网相比,具有编织工艺先进、比表面积大、重量轻、强度高、活化性能好、氨转化率高、铂损失小、使用寿命长等优点,在硝酸生产中已投入使用。通过在云天化股份有限公司的硝酸生产应用实践,总结出了实现铂网高效、低耗及有效回收铂金属的关键技术和方法,指出这些关键技术和方法的有效实施对提高硝酸产能以及节能、降耗、减排等的重要意义。     

生物膜载体填料-污泥资源化研究

污泥资源化是污泥处置的发展趋势,以脱水污泥为主料,添加适量粉煤灰和粘土,制备生物膜载体填料是实验研究的主要内容。实验表明,污泥使用量为70％、粉煤灰和粘土各15％时,烧成温度为1000±25℃、保温时间为40min,烧制的填料抗压强度能达到25mpa、吸水率17％;用于药厂废水处理测试,在常温下的化学需氧量（CODCr）的平均去除率为74．0％、悬浮物（SS）的去除率为54．1％。使用扫描电镜、显微镜像检测,分析了填料烧制中孔隙形成机理、填料外貌、表面微孔结构等。实验表明,以污泥代替天然原料,在一定条件下可以烧制成填料,并能用作污水处理中生物膜载体。     

大水量下快速提取悬浮物的方法研究

针对大量水体中悬浮物的提取,提出了一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法,该方法是在传统滤膜抽滤法的基础上,在滤膜的下面,增设了一张尼龙滤网,滤网的大小刚好覆盖布氏漏斗的抽滤小孔,并采用一台真空泵带动三个抽滤瓶。实践证明,一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法的抽滤速度是传统抽滤方法的7倍多,并且能够减少在抽滤过程中由于抽滤时间过长而导致的悬浮物的质量损失。因此,该方法能够大大提高抽滤的效率,缩短抽滤的时间,加快实验的进程,对大范围内的水体监测工作具有重要的现实意义。     

Nanomaterials for environmental burden reduction, waste treatment, and nonpoint source pollution control: a review

Nanomaterials are applicable in the areas of reduction of environmental burden, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes, and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. First, environmental burden reduction involves green process and engineering, emissions control, desulfurization/denitrification of nonrenewable energy sources, and improvement of agriculture and food systems. Second, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes involves converting wastes into products, groundwater remediation, adsorption, delaying photocatalysis, and nanomembranes. Third, NPS pollution control involves controlling water pollution. Nanomaterials alter physical properties on a nanoscale due to their high specific surface area to volume ratio. They are used as catalysts, adsorbents, membranes, and additives to increase activity and capability due to their high specific surface areas and nano-sized effects. Thus, nanomaterials are more effective at treating environmental wastes because they reduce the amount of material needed.     

Ecotoxicological effects of mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept into net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant difference of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological effects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied in this e-wastes recycling site, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.     

改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的研究

以采集自云南滇池的水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)为研究对象,分别用壳聚糖和聚合氯化铝对云南省常见的硅藻土进行改性,在实验室条件下研究两种改性黏土对水华束丝藻的去除效果。通过去除率的比较,得出两种改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的线性拟合方程。每毫升藻液壳聚糖改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0377x-0.0014和y=0.009x+0.0002;每毫升藻液聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0135x+0.002和y=0.0039x+0.002。壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围分别为5~8、5~9,总氮(TN)去除率分别为39.77%、45.44%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为64.92%、78.01%。聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围较宽,且其除藻过程中对TN、TP的去除率均较高。用透明溞(Daphnia magna)对其进行生态安全性试验,得出壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土除藻至48 h死亡率分别为30.77%、0。