珠江三角洲秋季生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶的贡献

本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠江三角洲地区的两次外场观测,应用热脱附-化学电离飞行时间质谱(FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS)获取了高时间分辨率(每小时)的生物质燃烧示踪物左旋葡聚糖的浓度数据,并估算出生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶(OA)的贡献值.结果表明,秋季珠江三角洲地区城市站点和区域站点的左旋葡聚糖平均浓度分别为(0.07±0.08)和(0.14±0.12)μg/m³,呈现区域站点高于城市站点的空间分布特征以及早晨和夜间出现峰值的日变化特征.观察到两个站点的左旋葡聚糖与CO和乙腈之间相关性较低,但与OA之间呈现显著正相关关系.进一步基于受体示踪物法估算出生物质燃烧对OA的平均贡献分别为7.4%(城市站点)和11.4%(区域站点),且两个站点均显示出生物质燃烧对OA的贡献在夜间明显高于白天.     

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

废弃物基水热炭改良对水稻产量及氮素吸收的影响

生物炭农田回用是实现农林废弃物资源化利用和碳封存的有效手段.近年来,水热碳化技术由于在炭产率、能耗及生产过程中的烟气排放等方面显著优于常规热解碳化技术而受到关注.为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用,明确水热炭农田应用对作物生产力的影响,本研究通过原状土柱模拟试验和表征分析,研究了4种不同类型改良水热炭对两种典型土壤的水稻产量和氮素吸收的影响及可能的驱动因素.结果表明,锯末水热炭和秸秆水热炭经物理或生物改良后,在两种类型土壤上均能够增加水稻产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素损失,且其效应不受水热炭添加量影响（5‰,15‰;质量分数）.与对照相比,水热炭添加处理的产量和氮素吸收量分别提高9.2%~20.7%和7.7%~17.0%.高C/N比的锯末水热炭更有利于高肥力土壤水稻氮素吸收量的增加;而低肥力土壤由于限制性因子较多,受水热炭类型的影响较小.通过对水热炭的表征分析发现,其表面养分元素丰富;水洗或生物改良后其表面孔隙结构有较大改善,C元素相对含量明显降低,N和O元素相对含量明显增加,这对养分的固持/供应可能产生影响.因此,水热炭改良后孔隙结构的改变和N、O元素含量的增加可能是其施用后水稻产量和氮素吸收增加的关键驱动因素.结果说明,水热碳化材料改良后应用农田可以在实现农林废弃物资源化利用的同时,提高作物生产力,减少农田氮素环境损失.     

Investigation of suitable precursors for manganese oxide catalysts in ethyl acetate oxidation

The control of ethyl acetate emissions from fermentation and extraction processes in the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance to the environment. We have developed three Mn₂O₃ catalysts by using different Mn precursors (MnCl₂, Mn(CH₃COO)₂, MnSO₄), named as Mn₂O₃-Cl, -Ac, -SO₄. The tested catalytic activity results showed a sequence with Mn precursors as: Mn₂O₃-Cl > Mn₂O₃-Ac > Mn₂O₃-SO₄. The Mn₂O₃-Cl catalyst reached a complete ethyl acetate conversion at 212℃ (75℃ lower than that of Mn₂O₃-SO₄), and this high activity 100% could be maintained high at 212℃ for at least 100 hr. The characterization data about the physical properties of catalysts did not show an obvious correlation between the structure and morphology of Mn₂O₃ catalysts and catalytic performance, neither was the surface area the determining factor for catalytic activity in the ethyl acetate oxidation. Here we firstly found there is a close linear relationship between the catalytic activity and the amount of lattice oxygen species in the ethyl acetate oxidation, indicating that lattice oxygen species were essential for excellent catalytic activity. Through H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) results, we found that the lowest initial reduction temperature over the Mn₂O₃-Cl had stronger oxygen mobility, thus more oxygen species participated in the oxidation reaction, resulting in the highest catalytic performance. With convenient preparation, high efficiency, and stability, Mn₂O₃ prepared with MnCl₂ will be a promising catalyst for removing ethyl acetate in practical application.     

镧改性生物炭对砷、镉的吸附特征研究

为研究改性生物炭对砷镉复合污染水体中镉和砷的吸附特征。本研究以牛粪、污泥、竹屑三种不同原料制备生物炭,利用镧(La)对生物炭进行改性,并采用元素分析、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱等分析手段对改性前后的生物炭进行表征,结合等温吸附实验及吸附动力学实验,对比各生物炭对As (V)、Cd (II)的吸附性能并探讨其内在机理。结果表明,竹屑炭(BB)的芳香性大于牛粪炭(CB)和污泥炭(SB)。La改性使三种生物炭在热解过程中形成了酮类、酯类、羰基等含氧官能团,并在表面引入羟基。X射线光电子能谱结果显示La以氢氧化物的形式负载在生物炭表面。各生物炭对Cd (II)、As (V)的吸附符合准二级吸附动力学和Langmuir等温吸附方程。La改性生物炭对As (V)的最大拟合吸附量达到3.47～4.51 mg/g,显著高于未改性生物炭(1.82～2.50 mg/g)(p<0.05)。在As (V)、Cd (II)吸附过程中,La改性生物炭表面的La与As (V)发生络合反应,同时Cd (II)与镧基氢氧化物发生配体交换,生成Cd (OH)₂沉淀。本研究证明了La改性有效提高了生物炭对As (V)、Cd (II)同时吸附的能力。     

Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...     

兰州市叶面尘磁性与黑碳特征对大气污染的响应

通过采集兰州市不同功能区小叶黄杨和刺柏叶片样品,对叶片表面滞尘量、叶表颗粒物磁性特征和黑碳（EC）浓度进行系统分析,探究其对周围大气污染的响应.结果显示,小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,磁晶体粒径以假单畴（PSD）颗粒为主.交通区小叶黄杨和刺柏饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）（489.40×10^-6A,290.73×10^-5A·m²/kg）显著高于公园（99.56×10^-6A,74.00×10^-5A·m²/kg）和生活区（61.91×10^-6A,209.79×10^-5A·m²/kg）,表明SIRM明显受到周围环境中污染物浓度的影响.小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物亚铁磁性矿物浓度与黑碳浓度的高值分布区域在空间上具有一致性,并且二者高度相关（r=0.94,0.94;P<0.0001）,表明二者来源具有一致性.同时,不同采样高度不同树种叶片磁性对叶表颗粒物中黑碳浓度均有稳定的指示性,进一步表明叶表颗粒物SIRM可以作为指示叶表颗粒物黑碳污染的重要磁学参数.以城市绿化植物叶片为载体的环境磁学研究可实现颗粒物污染高空间分辨率的环境友好型监测.     

海洋沉积物中一株铁还原细菌ZQ21异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)性质分析

取渤海沉积物进行厌氧培养,富集异化铁还原细菌。采用三层平板法筛选出一株高效异化铁还原细菌ZQ21。经鉴定,该菌株为Enterococcus sp.ZQ21（GenBank号MF192756）。设置不同电子供体、电子受体和电子传递体浓度,分析菌株ZQ21异化还原Fe（Ⅲ）性质。结果表明,在乙二胺四乙酸二钠、柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠和甲酸钠为电子供体时,菌株ZQ21利用丙酮酸钠还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到113.14 ±3.46 mg/L。菌株ZQ21以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体时,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度分别为91.75 ±1.45 mg/L和58.39 ±4.34 mg/L,Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率存在显著差异。在电子受体为氢氧化铁时,添加不同浓度电子传递体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）,旨在提高菌株ZQ21的Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率。当AQS浓度为1.50 mmol/L时,菌株ZQ21还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到80.28 ±3.95 mg/L,比对照组提高27%。铁还原细菌ZQ21能够有效利用可溶性以及不溶性电子受体进行异化铁还原,可进一步应用于海洋污染环境中微生物介导的异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程。     

渭河沉积物的磁学特征及其对降雨量的响应

沉积物中的磁性矿物对气候环境变化敏感响应。渭河WH1617剖面沉积物进行全面系统的磁性特征分析表明,沉积物中的磁性矿物含量相对较低,主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,同时含有赤铁矿,磁晶粒以多畴为主。非磁滞剩磁磁化率与饱和等温剩磁的比值(χ_(ARM)/SIRM)与降雨量呈现较好的正相关性,进一步分析表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM可作为代用指标用来揭示渭河流域1957～2010年以来的降水量变化。其中,1957～1969年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,表明磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量递减;1969～1985年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,表明磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量递增; 1985～1995年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量相对减少; 1995～2010年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量波动递增,但增幅不大。通过morlet小波分析表明渭河流域近现代降雨量存在8 a和19 a的主周期变化,χ_(ARM)/SIRM存在8 a和16 a的主周期变化,两者的周期变化特征较为一致,进一步表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM在渭河沉积物中作为降水代用指标的有效性。     

面向场景的城市PM2.5浓度空间分布精细模拟

针对传统PM_2.5浓度空间分布模拟方法忽略了城市内部如道路、工厂、居民区、景区等不同微环境整体对PM_2.5浓度影响机制的缺陷,本研究提出一种微环境PM_2.5浓度场景分异的理论假设,并以湖南长沙主城区为例,结合基于污染先验知识划分的城市微环境场景空间分布与自主设计加密观测场获取的203个监测点小时PM_2.5浓度加密数据,分析城市微环境PM_2.5浓度场景时空分异特征.在此基础上,耦合地理加权回归（GWR）与人工神经网络（ANN）方法,构建微环境场景增强下的PM_2.5浓度空间分布精细模拟GWR-ANN模型,开展城市内部高空间分辨率PM_2.5污染制图.结果表明：不同微环境场景间PM_2.5浓度存在显著时空差异,地表覆盖类型相同但分别位于2个不同场景的监测点间PM_2.5浓度差会随时间发生变化;耦合微环境场景变量的GWR-ANN模型能够有效精细模拟PM_2.5浓度的空间分布,模型拟合效果与交叉检验精度指标整体优于无场景变量参与的GWR-ANN模型（除部分时相较为接近外,检验R²：0.76~0.84vs.0.57~0.81）;场景增强下的PM_2.5浓度空间分布100m级分辨率模拟估算结果可以较好揭示研究区PM_2.5浓度高低值局地变化特征.