人为干扰条件下白洋淀底栖动物群落变化及其主要环境影响因子分析

底栖动物对维持和稳定湖泊生态系统结构与功能具有重要作用.为了探明长期强人为干扰条件下底栖动物群落结构特征及其主要环境影响因子,本研究分别于2009年和2018年的4月和8月采集和分析了白洋淀8个区水体、沉积物和底栖动物样品.根据人为干扰程度的不同,将白洋淀分为重度干扰区（HD）、中度干扰区（MD）和轻度干扰区（LD）,同时分析了3类生境的理化参数和底栖动物群落结构与多样性指数.研究结果表明：1就水体和沉积物理化参数而言,总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄⁺）、硝酸盐（NO₃^-）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）和沉积物总氮（TNs）、总磷（TPs）等理化参数在重度干扰区呈最高值;2就底栖动物群落组成而言,在重度干扰区底栖动物群落物种丰度、生物量、密度均最低,且优势种大多以水生昆虫为主;3就底栖动物群落多样性指数而言,2009年,白洋淀底栖动物群落Margalef丰富度指数D值（0.84）和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H''值（1.13）均在中度干扰区最高,而Pielou均匀度指数J值（0.53）在轻度干扰区最高,这些指数均与沉积物总氮（TNs）呈显著负相关;2018年,D值（2.02）和H''值（2.21）在轻度干扰区中最高,而J值（0.84）在重度干扰区中最高,D值和H''值与水深（Water depth,WD）呈正相关关系,而与硝酸盐（NO₃^-）和总磷（TP）等呈负相关关系;4RDA分析结果表明,白洋淀底栖动物群落组成的主要环境影响因子在2009年为WD和pH,而在2018年为沉积物中总磷（TPs）.2009-2018年,白洋淀底栖动物群落（主要影响因子从WD和pH变为沉积物总磷）和多样性指数（主要影响因子从TNs变为WD、TN、TP、NO₃^-、TNs等）的主要环境影响因子发生了显著变化.因此,针对主要环境影响因子的时间变化,在不同时期底栖动物群落的恢复需采取不同措施,本研究结果可为白洋淀生态修复提供理论和数据基础.     

SARS疫情应急管理系统研究

研究了具有分区预警减灾功能的SARS疫情应急管理系统的结构、模型与开发问题,这个系统被确定具有分区疫情预警、区域减灾对策评估功能.文章首先分析了系统的功能需求和结构体系,进一步讨论了系统的决策分析模型,最后讨论了基于GIS技术建立SARS疫情应急管理系统的技术问题.     

Corporate Environmental Policy Statements in Mainland China: To What Extent Do They Conform to ISO 14000 Documentation?

For decades, industry has been the main source of pollution in China. Determined to make changes, the mainland Chinese authorities have decided to promote mechanisms that incorporate environmental concerns into the internal management of enterprises. This is manifested in the rapid adoption of the ISO14000 standards, including a significant increase in ISO14001 registrations in China. Thus, this study examined the environmental policy statements of 106 certified facilities in mainland China against a strict interpretation of the mandatory requirements of the ISO 14001:1996 standard and the nonmandatory ISO14004 requirements in order to shed some light on the implementation of environmental management systems in an emerging economic giant. It was decided to analyze the environmental policy statement because such a statement is a core element in the ISO system of environmental management of each facility and there are relatively clear and specific requirements on what an environmental policy statement shall include. An analysis of the contents of the environmental policy statements shows that conformance to the relevant requirements of both the mandatory ISO14001 standard and the nonmandatory ISO14004 standard is far from impressive and that the facilities in our sample seldom went beyond the minimum requirements. By using ISO14001 and ISO14004 conformance scores as the dependent variables, we found that conformity to ISO14001 and overall conformance to ISO14000 series can be explained to some extent by the degree of top management commitment, the experience with informal environmental management systems, and the form of ownership of the facilities.     

Application of microwave extraction for the evaluation of bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils

A single microwave extraction procedure was conducted to investigate the bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) by using different extractants of 0.05 M EDTA, 0.10 M CH3COOH, 0.10 M HCl, and 0.05 M CaCl2. The experimental conditions of heating time and microwave power were optimized. A microwave power of 60% and extraction time of 30 min were adopted. Compared to the conventional single extraction schemes reported in the literature, the recommended technique shortened the operational time, simplified the experimental task, improved the precision, and obtained consistent results with those obtained by using the conventional methods. In addition, the suggested microwave extraction method has been successfully used to evaluate the bioavailability of REEs in soils. Soil samples collected from 15 sites in China were extracted by four different extractants with microwave ancillary. Extractable REEs from soils were well correlated with REEs contents in shoots of wheat (Troticum aestivum L.) under the greenhouse conditions. The correlation coefficients were 0.6514-0.8996, 0.4522-0.7783, 0.6506-0.8671, 0.4869-0.7014 between the extractable REEs in soils and their concentrations in wheat shoots for the extractants of CaCl2, EDTA, CH3COOH and HCl, respectively.     

青海省自然环境、人口容量探讨

本文通过对青海省自然地理环境及不同类型土地资源生产潜力分析基础上,按不同的生活水平指标,对青海省人口容量进行了初步定量探讨,并就提高人口容量提出了措施与对策。     

准直管水射流流动特性的研究

在后混合磨料射流或准直管磨料射流中，为使水射流的动量能够充分传递给磨料，往往需要用准直管同轴套住水射流，以避免因流的侵入。准直管水射流流动特性是影响准直管磨料射流混合和加速磨料效果的主要因素，利用可视化实验和动量守恒原理对准直管水射流的流动特性进行了研究，其结果表明：准直管水射流流动特性状态随压力变化而变化；高压准直管水射流具有扩散流动段、平行流动段和回气流动段；高压准直管水射流的打击力具有沿程损失和出口损失。此外，还推导出了高压准直管水射流打击力的计算公式。     

功能分区型人工湿地处理养殖废水厌氧消化液的性能

针对养猪废水厌氧消化液高ρ(NH₄+-N)的特点,构建了上层填充沸石强化硝化、下层填充砖渣强化反硝化的功能分区型人工湿地,考察其启动阶段运行性能、硝化区及反硝化区污染物去除性能. 结果表明,湿地以间歇方式运行(饱和液位无变化),启动后NO₃--N的产生速率为0.014 6 kg/(m3·d),湿地底部出水的ρ(NO₃--N)平均值为14.94 mg/L,明显低于沸石层的21.77 mg/L. COD_Cr主要在湿地上层硝化区被去除,平均去除率为64.82%. 随着湿地启动,下层由于反硝化作用消耗的有机物增至56.67 mg/L. 在进水期的前15 min,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TP的去除率最大,NO₃--N溶出量(以ρ计)最高,达42.30 mg/L. 沸石层10、20和30 cm处硝化速率基本稳定,沸石层的E_h均在400 mV以上. 与间歇方式相比,湿地以潮汐流方式(进水期与落干期时间比为1 h∶23 h)运行时,COD_Cr和TN去除率分别由78.45%和41.99%升至82.62%和53.41%. 研究显示,功能分区型人工湿地通过上层硝化、下层反硝化方式可有效去除养殖废水厌氧消化液中的NH₄+-N.      

Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

Recent progress of arsenic adsorption on TiO2 in the presence of coexisting ions: A review

Arsenic (As)-contaminated wastewater and groundwater pose a pressing environmental issue and worldwide concern. Adsorption of As using TiO₂ materials, in combination with filtration, introduces a promising technology for the treatment of As-contaminated water. This review presents an overview on the recent progress of the application of TiO₂ for removal of As from wastewater and groundwater. The main focus is on the following three pressing issues that limit the field applications of TiO₂ for As removal: coexisting ions, simulation of breakthrough curves, and regeneration and reuse of spent TiO₂ materials. We first examined how the coexisting ions in water, especially high concentrations of cations in industrial wastewater, affect the efficacy of As removal using the TiO₂ materials. We then discussed As breakthrough curves and the effect of compounded ions on the breakthrough curves. We successfully simulated the breakthrough curves by PHREEQC after integrating the CD-MUSIC model. We further discussed challenges facing the regeneration and reuse of TiO₂ media for practical applications. We offer our perspectives on remaining issues and future research needs.     

青岛市大气NO2浓度影响因素的分析及预测研究

利用灰色系统理论的灰色关联度分析法,对影响青岛市大气NO2浓度的影响因子进行定量分析,同时建立了大气NO2浓度的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型,对青岛市大气NO2浓度进行了预测.结果表明,影响青岛市大气NO2浓度的第一位因素是耗煤量,其次是绿化覆盖率,未来五年内青岛市大气NO2浓度呈平稳下降趋势.为今后青岛市制定大气环境规划、防治大气污染提供了科学依据.