抗衡地质灾难的基石

<正>2010年8月8日,甘肃舟曲一场大暴雨诱发了特大山洪泥石流灾害。洪水把高山上180万立方米山体岩土中了下来,形成了规模罕见的泥石流,突然闯入了舟曲县城,并堵断了白龙江水而形成堰塞湖。这场由大雨酿成的突发地质灾害造成了1435人死亡,330人失踪。自我国对山区地质灾害有精确的伤亡人数统计以来,这次周曲泥石流灾害是灾情最严重、死亡人数最多的一次。     

三峡库区小流域河流可溶性硅、无机氮和磷的研究

利用定点监测的方法对三峡库区2个小流域水体中可溶性硅(DSi)、可溶性无机氮(DIN)和可溶性磷(DP)含量及其变化规律进行了研究,分析了三者之间的比例关系及可能引起的环境问题.结果表明,2006年宝塔河流域和曲溪流域Dsi含量在0.18～19.89 mg·L-1之间,DIN含量在0.39～6.85 mg·L-1之间,枯水季节含量高于丰水季节;DP含量在0.01～0.08 mg·L-1之间,无明显的季节性变化.曲溪流域水体中DSi、DIN的含量明显高于宝塔河,这可能与当地的农户活动、土地利用类型、施肥量等因素有关;而DP含量在两流域间无明显差异,具体影响因素还有待探索.两流域水体中DSi、DIN含量均高于库区水体,DP含量低于库区.宝塔河流域水体中的DSi、DIN和DP的含量比例为138:81:1,而曲溪流域为500:350:1,从水体营养学角度来看,两流域营养物质含量比均达到发生"水华"现象的程度,其水环境问题的潜在威胁值得关注.     

A/O＋硅藻强化新工艺在中小型城镇污水处理中的应用总结

采用A/O＋硅藻精土强化工艺水处理技术对城市生活污水进行处理,工程运行结果表明,处理后的废水能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（18918-2002）一级A标准。与其它生物处理工艺相比,有其独特的优点。该工艺已成功地应用于永城市污水处理中心,并获得2008年国家重点环境保护实用技术示范工程。而生物浮动床（MBBR工艺）＋硅藻精土强化工艺是在此基础上的改进,并已成功地应用于污水处理。     

北京市加油站油气回收治理的减排贡献及发展趋势

分析对成品油VOC排放各排放源贡献比率,对北京市显著影响的机动车排放源和加油站排放源贡献比例进行了对比。对油气回收发展趋势进行了简要分析,建议逐步推广ORVR系统,并对加油站油气回收系统的管理提出了建议。     

铜沉淀提高铸造马氏体不锈钢耐空蚀性能研究

针对普通马氏体铸造不锈钢在含氯离子溶液中耐点蚀和耐空蚀能力不足的问题,自行设计冶炼了一种经铜沉淀硬化的马氏体铸造不锈钢。通过力学性能测试、动电位极化扫描空泡腐蚀试验并结合SEM分析,研究了热处理工艺和铜含量对自行设计冶炼MSB马氏体不锈钢耐空蚀性能的影响。结果表明经铜沉淀的铸造马氏体不锈钢在3％NaCl溶液中的耐点蚀性能优于普通奥氏体不锈铜1Crl8Ni9Ti和高锰铝青铜,铜含量对铸造马氏体不锈钢的耐点蚀性影响不大。热处理工艺对铸造马氏体不锈钢耐空蚀性能有较大影响,时效温度越高,耐空蚀性能越差。当铜的质量分数在1．5％～2．5％之间时可以获得较好的强化效果,不锈钢的耐空蚀性能最好。     

Experimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene

Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time. Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol, methylglyoxal, phenol, benzaldehyde, and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases. However, there were some di erences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase, for example, 2-ethylfurane, ethylglyoxylic acid, nitroethylbenzene, 3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.     

NiP防腐镀层在炼化企业的应用探讨

通过DSC、XRD和TEM研究了NiP镀层在不同温度热处理前后的变化,得出了NiP非晶镀层的适用温度范围,分析了NiP防腐镀层的失效原因。     

pH值和溶解氧对低碳钢点蚀诱发的影响

选择了2种低碳结构钢,在除氧及不除氧的3％NaCl溶液中进行了不同pH值条件下的极化试验,测定了钢的点蚀电位,并利用eaq-探针分析了腐蚀形貌。结果表明,随溶液的pH值的升高,钢更容易钝化,点蚀诱发敏感性降低。在相同的pH值条件下,溶液中的溶解氧可促进钢的钝化,导致点蚀电位变正。溶解氧降低了pH值对点蚀电位测定的敏感程度,使钢的临界钝化pH值降低。     

Biodegradation of malathion by Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19 and optimization of cometabolism substrates

To enhance the removal efficiency of malathion in the wastewater from organophosphate pesticide mill, a bacterium, Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19, that could degrade malathion with cometabolism was isolated from malathion-polluted soil samples using enrichment culture techniques. Four kinds of additional compounds, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, glucose, and fructose were tested to choose a favorite carbon source for the cometabolism of strain MA19. The results showed that sodium succinate and sodium acetate could promote malathion biodegradation and cell growth. The investigation results of effects of sodium succinate concentrations on the malathion biodegradation indicated that the more sodium succinate supplied resulted in quick degradation ofmalathion and fast cells multiplied. Zero-order kinetic model was appropriate to describe the malathion biodegradation when the concentration of sodium succinate was more than 0.5144 g/L. The degradation rate constant (K) reached the maximum value of 3.5837 mg/(L·h) when the mass ratio of sodium succinate to malathion was 128.6 mg/mg. The aquatic toxicity of the malathion was evaluated using the test organism, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The data obtained suggested that the toxicity of malathion could be ignored after 84 h biodegradation. Our result demonstrates the potential for using bacterium A. Johnsonii MA19 for malathion biodegradation and environmental bioremediation when some suitable conventional carbon sources are supplied.     

竹炭固定化微生物处理低浓度含酚废水的初步研究

以苯酚模拟废水为研究对象,采用苯酚驯化后的优势菌群,利用竹炭作为载体,用竹炭固定化微生物处理含酚废水。探讨了投菌量、竹炭用量、水力停留时间(HRT)、污水酚含量等对处理苯酚废水的影响程度。实验表明在苯酚浓度为40mg/L低浓度废水,在投菌量为100mL/10g竹炭,竹炭量为10g/100mL污水的条件下经5h处理后,苯酚和COD的去除率分别为95%和70%。