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401.
Frank Gostomski 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1990,12(1-2):51-54
In August 1988 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published an ambient water quality criteria document for the protection of aquatic organisms from the toxic effects of aluminum. The EPA water quality criteria were developed utilizing procedures described in theGuidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses, and after careful analysis of the latest toxicological information available to EPA on the adverse effects of aluminum on aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates and plants.The EPA criteria recommend that the four-day average concentration of aluminum not exceed 87 g L–1 more than once every three years on the average when the ambient pH is between 6.5 and 9.0 to provide protection from chronic toxicity. The criteria also recommend that the one-hour average concentration of aluminum not exceed 750 g L–1 more than once every three years on the average when the ambient pH is between 6.5 and 9.0 to provide protection from acute toxicity.Acute toxicity data for 20 species of freshwater aquatic organisms and chronic toxicity data for five species of freshwater aquatic organisms were utilized to develop the EPA water quality criteria. Striped bass and brook trout were observed to be the two most sensitive North American species to the toxic effects of aluminum. Aluminum toxicity was also observed to be increased at lower pH. 相似文献
402.
Hannon Susan J. Mumme Ronald L. Koenig Walter D. Pitelka Frank A. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1985,17(4):303-312
Summary Breeding males or females were removed from groups of the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker to study (1) competition among individuals from different groups to fill the breeding vancancies, (2) conflict between parents and offspring within groups over replacement of the removed bird, and (3) conflict between parents and offspring for breeding status. Intense fights (power struggles) among nonbreeders from other groups to fill the breeding vacancies developed after the removals. In groups containing only helpers of the opposite sex as the removed bird, replacement was rapid, but in groups containing helpers of the same sex as the removed bird replacement was delayed substantially. In these latter groups parent-offspring conflict developed: helpers could not breed because their parent of the opposite sex was present, and they attacked potential replacements, while their remaining parent advertised for a new mate by calling. Once replacement had occurred, dominance interactions between parents and offspring and among siblings appeared to prevent some individuals from breeding. We conclude that the potential for competition among close kin is high in cooperative species because breeding opportunities are limited. 相似文献
403.
Integration of Flow and Chemical Sensing for Guidance of Autonomous Marine Robots in Turbulent Flows
We explored the utility of odor-gated rheotaxis (OGR) with a biomimetic robot. OGR is a widely accepted biological plume-tracing strategy that uses mean flow and chemical detection for guidance. In experiments which contrasted the `classic' single-sensor formulation of the strategy against one which used two sensors and against another which combined the use of two sensors and memory of past stimulation patterns we quantified the relative advantages of each. The use of two, spatially separated, chemical sensors confers a significant advantage and still greater performance is obtained with rudimentary memory. The performance of the American lobster under the same turbulent dispersal regime leads us to conclude that significantly more effective plume tracing strategies remain to be discovered. 相似文献
404.
In environmental economics, complex ecosystems are often represented by low-dimensional models. The question of whether the results of these models can be applied to a more complex reality leads to the investigation of an aggregation problem in a nonlinear dynamic setting. We show that restrictive assumptions are needed for aggregation and that the low-dimensional model has to be linear. On the basis of these results, we argue that the aggregation of complex ecosystems is often oversimplifying and that substantial gains can be expected from the use of more complex models. 相似文献
405.
Surface water enters the Haile Gold Mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina by means of a small stream and is ponded behind
a dam and in an abandoned pit. This water is affected by acidic drainage. In spite of the large exposures of potentially acid
producing pyritic rock, the flux of acid to the water is relatively low. Nevertheless, the resulting pH values of the mine
water are low (around 3.5) due to negligible buffering capacity. In view of the observed low release of acidity, the potential
for acid drainage abatement by limestone ameliorants appears feasible.
This study investigated the effects of limestone treatment on acid generation rates of the Haile mine pyritic rocks through
a series of leaching experiments. Below a critical alkalinity threshold value, solutions of dissolved limestone were found
consistently to accelerate the rate of pyrite oxidation by varying degrees. The oxidation rates were further accelerated by
admixing solid limestone with the pyritic rock. However, after a period of about a month, the pyrite oxidation rate of the
admixed samples declined to a level lower than that of untreated pyrite. Leachates produced by the pyrite and limestone mixtures
contained little if any iron. Further, in the mixtures, an alteration of the pyrite surface was apparent.
The observed behaviour of the treated pyrite appears to be related to the immersion of the pyrite grains within a high alkalinity/high
pH environment. The high pH increases the rate of oxidation of ferrous iron which results in a higher concentration of ferric
iron at the pyrite surface. This, in turn, increases the rate of pyrite oxidation. Above a threshold alkalinity value, the
precipitation of hydrous iron oxides at the pyrite surface eventually outpaces acid generation and coats the pyrite surface,
retarding the rate of pyrite oxidation. 相似文献
406.
Andreas Ahrens Frank Claus Kerstin Heitmann Dirk Jepsen Lothar Kistenbrügger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(2):123-128
In October 2003, the EU Commission presented the proposal for a new Chemicals Regulation. In late autumn 2005, Parliament and Council were working on finding their position on the Commission’s proposal. From November 2004 to April 2005, a simulation was carried out at EU level aiming to test the workability of registration under REACh. Based on a strategic partnership, the European Chemical Industry Council together with other industry associations, the EU Commission and a number of Member States had launched this project. 53 manufacturers or users of chemicals and competent authorities of 13 EU Member States took part in the simulation: eight registration cases were dealt with in parallel. The participants had to conduct the registration of a substance (including preparatory work) and the dossier evaluation by the authorities. The simulation was performed in a ’free-flow mode’, which means, that the participants worked without any guidance on how to practically implement the duties and tasks as laid down in the draft regulation. In the final phase of the project, the three strategic parners worked towards a common understanding on potential workability problems and suitable options for solutions. This process resulted in a report including a set of agreed recommendations on 12 identified workability issues The recommendations are mostly related to the co-operation between registrants, the sharing of responsibilities and communication between manufactures and down-stream users as well as technical and scientific aspects of dossier compilation., In addition, the recommendations address the need to develop a common understanding across Europe regarding the role of authorities in evaluating the registration dossiers and developing suitable tools for the evaluation. In addition to the set of practical recommendations, SPORT has demonstrated that useful insights in the workability of a new piece of legislation can be gained from simulating the key processes in practise already during the legislative process. Such pilot trials could be seen as a contribution toBetter Regulation, one of the strategic goals of the EU Commission. 相似文献
407.
408.
A novel method, based on iterative numerical integration, is presented for deriving bioconcentration factors and rate constants of chemicals in aquatic organisms from experimental data of bioconcentration tests in which the chemical concentration in the water is variable over time and the test duration is too short to reach steady-state. The method is applied to reported data from fish and plant bioconcentration tests. The results demonstrate that this method can derive bioconcentration factors and rate constants with considerably less experimental error than other methods currently used, thus reducing uncertainty and variability in bioconcentration measurements. 相似文献
409.
Adam Faschan Marty Tittlebaum Frank Cartledge Harvill Eaton 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1991,18(2):145-161
API separator sludge was solidified with various combinations of binders and absorbent soil additives. The binders utilized were Type I Portland Cement, Type C Flyash, and a 1:1 combination of the two. The soil additives used were bentonite, diatomite, Fuller's earth, and two brands of chemically altered bentonites, or organoclays. The effectiveness of the solidification materials was based on their effect on the physical and leaching characteristics of the sludge.It was determined the Portland cement and combination binders provided the sludge with adequate physical and strength characteristics. It was also determined the affinity of each additive for water had an important influence on the physical characteristics of the solidified sludge. The results of the leaching procedure indicated the binders alone reduced the leachability of organic constituents from the sludge by 1/5 to 1/10. It appeared the use of the additives with the binders may have further reduced the leachability of constituents from sludge, with the incorporation of the organoclay additives further reducing leachability by up to 1/2. Also, it appeared the absorbing capacity of the additives was directly related to their ability to reduce the leachability of organic constituents from the sludge. 相似文献
410.
Migual A. Mora Linda L. Laack M. Clare Lee Jose Sericano Robert Presley Piero R. Gardinali Lawrence R. Gamble Stephen Robertson Donell Frank 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,64(2):477-492
The ocelot (Felis pardalis) isan endangered neotropical cat distributed within asmall range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), inTexas, U.S.A. Studies of the impacts of environmentalcontaminants in wild cats are few. Approximately onefourth of the estimated population (about 100) ofocelots in the LRGV was sampled to evaluate theimpacts of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinatedbiphenyls, and trace elements on the population. Hairwas collected from 32 ocelots trapped between 1986–1992,and blood was collected from 20 ocelots trappedbetween 1993–1997. A few blood samples were obtainedfrom individuals recaptured two or three times. Tissue samples from 4 road-killed ocelots were alsoanalyzed. DDE, PCBs, and Hg were some of the mostcommon contaminants detected in hair and blood. MeanHg levels in hair ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 g g-1 dw,Se from 1.5 to 3.48 g g-1 dw, and Pb from 0.56 to26.8 g g-1 dw. Mean DDE concentrations in plasma ranged from 0.005 g g-1 ww to 0.153 g g-1 ww, and PCBs ranged from 0.006 g g-1 ww to 0.092 g g-1 ww. Mean Hg levels in red blood cells rangedfrom 0.056 g g-1 dw to 0.25 g g-1 dw. Concentrations of DDE, PCBs, or Hg, did not increasesignificantly with age, although the highestconcentrations of DDE and Hg were found in olderanimals. Overall, concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and Hgwere low and at levels that currently do not pose anythreat to health or survival of the ocelot. This isfurther supported by good reproduction of the ocelotin the LRGV, where adult females averaged about 1.5kittens/litter. Thus, it seems that the current majorthreat to recovery of the ocelot in the LRGV may behabitat loss, although potential impacts of newgeneration pesticides, such as organophosphorus andcarbamate insecticides need further study. 相似文献