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651.
Voluntary exercise at the expense of reproductive success in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Energy demands of gestation and lactation represent a severe challenge for small mammals. Therefore, additional energetic
burdens may compromise successful breeding. In small rodents, food restriction, cold exposure (also in combination) and wheel
running to obtain food have been shown to diminish reproductive outcome. Although exhibited responses such as lower incidence
of pregnancy, extended lactation periods and maternal infanticide were species dependent, their common function is to adjust
energetic costs to the metabolic state reflecting the trade-off between maternal investment and self-maintenance. In the present
study, we sought to examine whether voluntary exercise affects reproduction in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), which are known for their high motivation to run in a wheel. Voluntary exercise resulted in two different effects on reproduction;
in addition to increased infanticide and cannibalism, which was evident across all experiments, the results of one experiment
provided evidence that free access to a running wheel may prevent successful pregnancy. It seems likely that the impact of
voluntary wheel running on reproduction was associated with a reduction of internal energy resources evoked by extensive exercise.
Since the hamsters were neither food-restricted nor forced to run in the present study, an energetic deficit as reason for
infanticide in exercising dams would emphasise the particularly high motivation to run in a wheel. 相似文献
652.
Pytrik Reidsma Alfons Oude Lansink Frank Ewert 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):35-59
In order to assess agricultural adaptation to climate impacts, new methodologies are needed. The translog distance function
allows assessing interactions between different factors, and hence the influence of management on climate impacts. The Farm
Accountancy Data Network provides extensive data on farm characteristics of farms throughout the EU15 (i.e. the 15 member
states of the European Union before the extension in 2004). These data on farm inputs and outputs from 1990−2003 are coupled
with climate data. As climate change is not the only change affecting European agriculture, we also include effects of subsidies
and other changes on inputs and outputs of farms throughout Europe. We distinguish several regions and empirically assess
(1) climate impacts on farm inputs and outputs in different regions and (2) interactions between inputs and other factors
that contribute to the adaptation to these impacts. Changes in production can partly be related to climatic variability and
change, but also subsidies and other developments (e.g. technology, markets) are important. Results show that impacts differ
per region, and that ‘actual impacts’ cannot be explicitly separated into ‘potential impacts’ and ‘adaptive capacity’ as often
proposed for vulnerability assessment. Farmers adapt their practices to prevailing conditions and continuously adapt to changing
conditions. Therefore, ‘potential impacts’ will not be observed in practice, leaving it as a mainly theoretical concept. Factors
that contribute to the adaptation also differ per region. In some regions more fertilizers or more irrigation can mitigate
impacts, while in other regions this amplifies impacts. To project impacts of future climate change on agriculture, current
farm management strategies and their influence on current production should be considered. This clearly asks for improved
integration of biophysical and economic models. 相似文献
653.
Olivier Hatem Sander Kamel Frank Jacques-Eric Jacques Thomas Johanna Alkan Delphine Martin 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(5):619-630
Scenario-based approaches in environmental and policy assessment studies are increasingly applied within integrated assessment and modelling frameworks. The SEAMLESS project develops such an integrated framework (SEAMLESS-IF) aiming to assess, ex-ante, impacts of alternative agro-environmental policies on the sustainability of agricultural systems. A particular challenge in this context is the consistent translation of a wide range of policy questions into scenarios that a modelling framework can assess. The present work defines a methodology for scenario-development in integrated policy assessment with specific emphasis on SEAMLESS-IF. After a general overview on scenario concepts for integrated policy assessment the adopted scenario concept and its development procedure is presented. They allow building integrated scenarios capturing the range of drivers of the assessed agricultural system in a consistent way across temporal and spatial scales. Then focus is on the particular procedures to translate the policy assessment questions into scenario parameters and to implement these parameters into SEAMLESS-IF. Two examples targeted at European and regional level combining integrated assessments of policy changes and technological innovations are considered to illustrate the SEAMLESS scenario concept. We conclude that the proposed methodology to translate policy assessment problems into scenarios effectively supports integrated assessment in SEAMLESS-IF or even in other modelling frameworks. 相似文献
654.
In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as
a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination
levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic,
organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when
such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general
validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment,
three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition,
volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case
can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying
the fate of chemicals in the environment. 相似文献
655.
656.
657.
Low pO2 values have been measured in the perivitelline fluids (PVF) of marine animal eggs on several occasions, especially towards
the end of development, when embryonic oxygen consumption is at its peak and the egg case acts as a massive barrier to diffusion.
Several authors have therefore suggested that oxygen availability is the key factor leading to hatching. However, there have
been no measurements of PVF pCO2 so far. This is surprising, as elevated pCO2 could also constitute a major abiotic stressor for the developing embryo. As a first attempt to fill this gap in knowledge,
we measured pO2, pCO2 and pH in the PVF of late cephalopod (Sepia officinalis) eggs. We found linear relationships between embryo wet mass and pO2, pCO2 and pH. pO2 declined from >12 kPa to less than 5 kPa, while pCO2 increased from 0.13 to 0.41 kPa. In the absence of active accumulation of bicarbonate in the PVF, pH decreased from 7.7 to
7.2. Our study supports the idea that oxygen becomes limiting in cephalopod eggs towards the end of development; however,
pCO2 and pH shift to levels that have caused significant physiological disturbances in other marine ectothermic animals. Future
research needs to address the physiological adaptations that enable the embryo to cope with the adverse abiotic conditions
in their egg environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
658.
Effect of elevated CO2 on coarse-root biomass in Florida scrub detected by ground-penetrating radar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Growth and distribution of coarse roots in time and space represent a gap in our understanding of belowground ecology. Large roots may play a critical role in carbon sequestration belowground. Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we quantified coarse-root biomass from an open-top chamber experiment in a scrub-oak ecosystem at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA. GPR propagates electromagnetic waves directly into the soil and reflects a portion of the energy when a buried object is contacted. In our study, we utilized a 1500 MHz antenna to establish correlations between GPR signals and root biomass. A significant relationship was found between GPR signal reflectance and biomass (R2 = 0.68). This correlation was applied to multiple GPR scans taken from each open-top chamber (elevated and ambient CO2). Our results showed that plots receiving elevated CO2 had significantly (P = 0.049) greater coarse-root biomass compared to ambient plots, suggesting that coarse roots may play a large role in carbon sequestration in scrub-oak ecosystems. This nondestructive method holds much promise for rapid and repeatable quantification of coarse roots, which are currently the most elusive aspect of long-term belowground studies. 相似文献
659.
Climate change is thought to promote the poleward movement of geographic ranges; however, the spatial dynamics, mechanisms, and regional anthropogenic drivers associated with these trends have not been fully explored. We estimated changes in latitude of northern range boundaries, center of occurrence, and center of abundance for 254 species of winter avifauna in North America from 1975 to 2004. After accounting for the effect of range size and the location of the northern boundary, positive latitudinal trends were evident for the northern boundary (1.48 km/yr), center of occurrence (0.45 km/yr), and center of abundance (1.03 km/yr). The northern boundary, when examined across individual species, had the most variable trends (SD = 7.46 km/yr) relative to the center of occurrence (SD = 2.36 km/yr) and center of abundance (SD = 5.57 km/yr). Trends did not differ based on migratory status, but there was evidence that trends differed for species with ranges centered in the southern vs. northern portion of the study area. Species occurred more sporadically over time at northern range boundaries, and northern boundaries were associated with a concentration of colonization and extirpation events, with a greater prevalence of colonization events likely promoting poleward trends. Regional anthropogenic drivers explained approximately 8% of the trend for the northern boundary, 14% for the center of occurrence, and 18% for the center of abundance; however, these effects were localized in the northern portion of species' ranges and were associated with distributional changes within ranges, primarily abundance, producing patterns that mimicked poleward movements. We conclude that poleward distributional shifts represent the interaction between climate change and regional factors whose outcome is determined by the scale of the analysis and the biotic and abiotic features in the region, and how anthropogenic activities have impacted these features. 相似文献
660.