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61.
The authors used a global High Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM), consisting of a biome model and a carbon cycle model, to estimate the changes of carbon storage in the major pools of the terrestrial biosphere from 18 000 BP to present. The climate change data to drive the biosphere for 18 000 BP were derived from an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Using the AGCM anomalies interpolated to a 0.5 degrees grid, the HRBM data base of the present climate was recalculated for 18 000 BP. The most important processes which influenced the carbon storage include (1) climate-induced changes in biospheric processes and vegetation distribution, (2) the CO(2) fertilization effect, (3) the inundation of lowland areas resulting from the sea level rise of 100 m. Two scenarios were investigated. The first scenario, which ignored the CO(2) fertilization effect, led to total carbon losses from the terrestrial biosphere of -460 x 10(9) t. Scenario 2, which assumed that the model formulation of the CO(2) fertilization effect as used for preindustrial to present could be extrapolated to the glacial 200 microl litre(-1) (ppmv, parts per million per volume), gave a carbon fixation in the terrestrial biosphere of +213 x 10(9) t. The two scenarios were compared with CO(2) concentration data and isotopic ratios from air in ice cores. The results of Scenario 1 are not in agreement with the data. Scenario 2 gives realistic delta(13)C shifts in the atmosphere but the biospheric carbon storage at the end of the glacial period seems too large. The authors suggest that the low atmospheric CO(2) concentration may have favoured the C-4 plants in ice age vegetation types. As a consequence the influence of the low CO(2) concentration was eventually reduced and the glacial carbon storage in vegetation, litter, and soil was increased. 相似文献
62.
This study was designed to evaluate the ability of an in-situ bioassay to assess the impact of complex effluents on freshwaters and to identify toxic components. Reductions in the feeding rate of Gammarus pulex proved to be a sensitive indicator of the impact of metalliferous effluents on receiving water quality. The effluents contained a mixture of five potentially toxic metals. By combining information on feeding rates with bioaccumulation data, two metals, iron and manganese, were identified as the probable toxic agents. Laboratory experiments validated the conclusions reached from the field study and confirmed that iron was a major toxicant. The sensitivities of Gammarus pulex from a metal-contaminated site and a clean site were compared during both the field and laboratory studies. Interpopulation differences in the response of G. pulex to toxicants were detected in the field study but not in the laboratory experiments. Possible reasons for this are discussed. 相似文献
63.
Bäck J Huttunen S Turunen M Lamppu J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,89(2):177-187
The effects of artificially applied acid precipitation on growth and nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings were investigated in a long-term acid irrigation experiment in field conditions. Seedlings of northern and southern origin were planted in boxes containing peat and composted soil rich in nutrients, and sprinkler irrigated with water acidified with nitric and sulphuric acids to pH 3 or pH 4 for periods varying from two to three and a half growing seasons during 1986-1989. Water irrigated (pH 5.4-7.6) and non-irrigated groups of seedlings were also included in the experiment. At the end of the experiment needles, main and lateral shoots and roots were collected from the seedlings for the determination of height growth and biomass partitioning, and for the analysis of S, N, Mg, P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations. The treatment effects compared to the irrigated control were studied using multivariate analyses of variance and covariance. In the pine seedlings the total dry matter production increased by 25-70% compared with the irrigated controls when the total wet deposition to the seedlings exceeded 67 kg S ha(-1) and 36 kg N ha(-1) (e.g. after two growing seasons' exposure of the pH 3 treatment). The increase was mainly due to an increase in needle dry weight (54-72% greater at pH 3) and root weight (20-65% greater at pH 3), whereas the height growth or shoot weight growth were less affected. The northern provenance pine seedlings responded more clearly to the pH 3 irrigation than the southern ones. The treatments had no consistent effects on any of the growth variables studied in the spruce seedlings, however. The pines had higher root and foliage Ca concentrations as a result of the acid irrigation, whereas in spruce, acid rain decreased the Ca concentration in needles and shoots. Root Mn and Fe concentrations were higher in both species as a result of the pH 3 treatment. A higher soil conductivity and Ca concentration resulted from the prolonged pH 3 treatment. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the long-term growth and nutrient allocation response of conifers to acid precipitation is dependent both on the tree species and on the nutritional status of the soil. 相似文献
64.
65.
<正> 在过去的年代里,矿石、矿物、土壤、沉积物、灰份以及玻璃、颜料等制造品中的主量、少量、甚至痕量元素的测定都是用经典重量法、滴定法和分光光度法完成的。近几十年来,经典方法已经大量地被X-射线萤光、原子吸收光谱电弧发射光谱和质子诱发的X-射线分析等多种仪器方法所代替。 相似文献
66.
<正> 金云母橄榄岩实验1.实验结果表3列出了金云母橄榄岩组合的实验结果。这些实验是在1080—1100℃下进行的,这一温度正好在所研究的岩石组合的熔融温度之下。与金云母-顽火辉石-镁橄榄石平衡的流 相似文献
67.
<正> 在产有红土和铝土质红土的那些地体中,红土和铝土质红土形成了分布很广的、在很大程度上覆盖着基岩的盖层。但是意外的是,在已发表的有关勘探的文献中,将红土剖面成分与基岩成分进行对比以便确定红土可反映矿化的文章却不多。许多文章报道了地表红土在找矿中的应用(例如,Mazzucchelli和James,1966;Blain和Andrew,1977;Smith和Perdrx,1983),但是涉及红土剖面研究的那些文章主要 相似文献
68.
Mendel Z Dunkelblum E Branco M Franco JC Kurosawa S Mori K 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2003,90(7):313-317
The biological activity of the Matsucoccus spp. sex pheromones and diene modified analogs has been tested in forests of Israel and Portugal in order to explore the structure-activity relationship of the pine bast scale pheromone/kairomone system. The response of the adult predatory bugs, Elatophilus hebraicus and E. crassicornis and of the brown lacewing, Hemerobius stigma is more selective than that of the conspecific Matsucoccus males. The removal of the terminal methyl group from the diene terminus of both pheromones 1 and 2 eliminates all kairomonal activity but retains moderate pheromonal activity. Addition of a methyl group to the diene terminus of pheromones 1 and 2 sustains full pheromonal and kairomonal activities of the Elatophilus spp. but eliminates entirely the kairomonal activity of H. stigma. Subtle designed alterations in the structure of the diene group, typical of all Matsucoccus pheromones, change the mode of the kairomonal activity markedly. 相似文献
69.
为了阐明金矿化与蛇绿岩杂岩中地幔橄榄岩的共生关系,对三个地区(利古里亚、摩洛哥、沙特阿拉伯)产出的滑石菱镁片岩(碳酸盐化超镁铁岩)进行评述。滑石菱镁片岩的金含量一般是伴生超镁铁岩(5 ppb Au)的5—20倍,虽然也发育有含金量为1—10ppm的富金带。较高的金含量与硫化物或钴砷化物的矿化有关,或者与晚期含黄铁矿或毒砂的石英脉有关。与蛇纹岩的形成一样,形成滑石菱镁片岩的超镁铁岩碳酸盐化作用,似乎是在中温条件下(150—300℃)Na、Cl卤水的热液蚀变结果,这些卤水起源于地幔物质与海水的相互作用。金是从蛇纹石化超镁铁岩的不透明矿物中析出的。在热液系统演化过程中,金随富含CO_2、S、As、Cl、Na、K和B的流体沿构造接触带迁移,当该流体运移到还原和碱性环境时,金与石英,硫化物和砷化物一起沉淀。因此,滑石菱镁片岩应成为金矿勘探的新目标。 相似文献
70.
<正> 自从多布雷(1841,1849)和德博蒙特(1947)的经典文章发表以来,锡、硼和含氟矿物的地球化学组合已经得到承认。多布雷发现,锡在云英岩中产出一般是以脉石含有电气石(B)加黄玉和(或)含锂云母(Li)为特征,但在比较寓钙的环境(即矽卡岩) 相似文献