钴铁镍三元水滑石催化PMS降解水中刚果红

采用化学共沉淀法制备由过渡金属钴、铁、镍组成的磁性三元水滑石CoFeNi-LDH,催化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）产生SO4-·自由基,降解水中偶氮染料刚果红（CR）,系统地考察了初始pH、催化剂投加量、PMS投加量对降解CR的影响。实验结果表明：在pH=4.0~10.0范围内,CoFeNi-LDH/PMS催化体系对CR的降解速率均较高;随着CoFeNi-LDH和PMS投加量的增加,CR的降解速率也逐渐加快。3次循环再生实验后,CoFeNi-LDH对CR的降解率在20 min内依然保持在88%左右。实验结果表明,这种新型磁性三元水滑石不仅具有高效的催化效果而且易于从水中分离,在有机染料废水的处理方面,有着良好的前景。     

Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解

以浸渍法制备的新型纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2为催化剂,3,4-二氯三氟甲苯(3,4-DCBTE)为目标污染物,用Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对目标污染物进行降解,考察催化剂的催化效果和温度、pH、H2O2投加量和掺杂比等因素对催化剂催化效果的影响。结果表明,以纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2作为催化剂的非均相类Fenton体系对3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的处理效果极佳;随着温度的升高,纳米Fe3O4/ZrO2的催化效果不断提高;当pH降低时,催化剂的催化效果有明显提升,原始pH(pH=5.7)时反应去除效果最佳,去除率可达88.6%;催化剂用量的增加同样可以提高3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解效率;催化剂中Fe3O4:ZrO2的物质的量比为1:2时效果较其他掺杂比的催化剂效果更好,去除率最终可以达到96.82%;当H2O2投加量增加时,3,4-二氯三氟甲苯的降解效率先提高后降低,投加量为0.3 mL时去除效果最好,几乎可以完全去除目标有机物。以Fe3O4/ZrO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系处理3,4-二氯三氟甲苯时,目标污染物的降解符合一级反应动力学。     

生物酶生态修复重金属污染土壤

以多种重金属污染的土壤为材料,研究了酶对重金属的去除效果.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法对重金属去除的反应条件进行优化,结果表明,α-淀粉酶质量浓度0.2%、pH 3.5、反应时间12 h为最佳淋洗修复条件,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn去除率分别为82.36%、75.02%、38.38%、34.69%和57.54%,去除率的大小顺序为Cd >Cr >Zn >Cu >Ni.酶作为土壤的组成部分,利用酶修复重金属污染的土壤,可以降低环境风险,具有较好应用前景.     

昆明市主城区热环境效应及影响因素分析

以昆明市主城区为研究对象,根据2000年、2010年和2020年3期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像,反演3个时期的地表温度,采用标准差椭圆分析热环境效应的时空演变,并使用地理探测器探讨热环境效应的影响因素。结果表明：近20 年来,昆明市主城区热岛区集中分布在城镇建设密集区域,热环境方向主轴由东北—西南走向转为西北—东南走向;前期热环境重心向西北方向偏转了57.5°,偏移2.47 km,后期向西北方向偏转24.25°,偏移0.86 km;有极低温区向低温区、较低温区转变,较高温区与高温区向极高温区转变的态势,其中,官渡区的热环境效应增强趋势最显著;建筑用地和植被覆盖度对地表温度产生的影响力最大,建筑用地与高程交互作用时会增加对地表温度的影响力,水体与建筑用地或不透水面的交互作用减弱了水体对热环境效应的缓解作用。

     

Characteristics of aerosols collected in central Taiwan during an Asian dust event in spring 2000

Aerosol samples for PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) were collected at four locations in central Taiwan from 26 to 31 March 2000, a period that experienced exceedingly high PM levels from 29 to 30 March due to the passage of an Asian dust storm. The samples were analyzed for mass, metallic elements, ions, and carbon. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the dust storm on the characteristics of local ambient particulate matter. The results indicate that the concentrations of the crustal elements Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and the sea salt species Na+ and Cl- in PM(2.5-10) during the dust episode exceed the mean concentrations in the non-dust period by factors of 3.1, 2.9, 2.6, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.1 respectively. Enrichment factors of Ca, Fe, and Mg in PM(2.5-10) during the dust event are close to unity, indicating that these elements are from soil. Reconstruction of aerosol compositions revealed that soil of coarse particulates elevated approximately 50% in the dust event. It is noted that during the dust event, the ratio of Mg/Al in PM(2.5-10) ranged from 0.21 to 0.25 while that of Ca/Al ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, levels more constant than those obtained in non-dust period.     

矿山公园土壤重金属的生态与健康风险评价—以湖南M矿为例

矿山公园建设是矿山生态环境修复治理的重要途径,评估土壤修复效果对矿山公园建设运营及游客旅游安全具有重要意义。在湖南M矿山公园非硬化地面采集地表0~30 cm旱土土壤样品66个,测定其中重金属Mn、Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Ni、Hg的浓度,采用综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及健康风险评估模型对矿山公园土壤修复后污染状况、潜在生态风险和人类健康风险三方面进行评价。结果表明：M矿山公园土壤中各金属浓度平均值从高到低依次为Mn>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Cu>Ni>Hg,其中,Cr、Mn、Cu、As和Pb的平均值分别是湖南省土壤背景值的1.23、1.80、1.12、2.05和1.34倍。土壤重金属污染指数为0.51,处于安全级别。各重金属元素单因子潜在风险指数均处于低生态风险级别,重金属综合潜在风险指数均值为81.64,处于低生态风险级别,不存在潜在生态风险。儿童和成人的非致癌风险总值分别为2.46×10⁻¹和7.43×10⁻²,不会造成非致癌风险;总致癌风险指数为1.38×10⁻⁷,不存在致癌风险。经过生态修复后的M矿山公园不存在土壤重金属生态健康风险,适于各类人群开展旅游休闲活动。

     

Effects of reciprocal hybridization on cadmium accumulation in F1 hybrids of two Solanum photeinocarpum ecotypes

In this study, farmland and mining ecotypes of Solanum photeinocarpum (a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator plant) were reciprocally hybridized each other, and the Cd accumulation characteristics of the F1 hybrids were studied. In pot experiments, higher biomasses and Cd extraction abilities were found for two S. photeinocarpum F1 hybrids than for the parents, but the Cd contents in various organs were lower in the hybrids than the parents. However, the differences between the Cd contents in the two hybrids were not significant. The antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) activities were higher for the S. photeinocarpum F1 hybrids than the parents. Less DNA methylation was found in the hybrids than the parents because more demethylation occurred in the hybrids than the parents. The biomass, Cd content, and Cd extraction ability effects in field experiments were similar to the effects in the pot experiments. It was concluded that reciprocally hybridizing different S. photeinocarpum ecotypes improved the ability of S. photeinocarpum to be used to phytoremediate contaminated land.

     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

朔州市市区环境空气PM10中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区) > 点位2(居民区) > 点位1(商业、居民混合区) > 点位3(商业、文教混合区) > 点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

Growth and nutritive quality of Poa pratensis as influenced by ozone and competition

Interspecific plant competition has been hypothesized to alter effects of early-season ozone (O3) stress. A phytometer-based approach was utilized to investigate O3 effects on growth and nutritive quality of Poa pratensis grown in monoculture and in mixed cultures with four competitor-plant species (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosa and Veronica chamaedrys). Mesocosms were exposed during April/May 2000-2002 to charcoal-filtered air+25 ppb O3 (control) or non-filtered air+50 ppb O3 (elevated O3). Biomass production was not affected by O3, but foliar injury symptoms were observed in May 2002. Early-season O3 exposure decreased relative food value of P. pratensis by an average of 8%, which is sufficient to have nutritional implications for its utilization by herbivores. However, forage quality response to O3 was not changed by interspecific competition. Lack of injury and nutritive quality response in P. pratensis harvested in September may reflect recovery from early-season O3 exposure.