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171.
The reclamation of tailing that is toxic to vegetation (phytotoxic) was the subject of laboratory and field research. Using trona tailing as an example of phytotoxic waste, research identified three areas that may be critical to reclamation: establishment and maintenance of a capillary barrier to prevent upward migration of plant toxicants into the plant-rooting zone; water drainage or evaporation to prevent or control water accumulation within the tailing; soil requirements for revegetation. A pilot reclamation program was developed in which a 20-cm layer of coarse gravel formed a capillary barrier between phytotoxic tailing and overlying material. To maintain the integrity of the capillary barrier, a 20-cm layer of fine gravel was applied to the coarse gravel surface; soil was then applied to the fine gravel surface. A zone of shallow soil was used to allow water, which collected during the late winter, to evaporate from the tailing during the dry summer. Soil depth requirements were assessed by measuring the response of shrubs and grasses to increasing soil depth. 相似文献
172.
Irina Cech Ernst M. Davis Edward A. Gonzales Diana Brooks 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(6):1691-1706
ABSTRACT: Application of synographic techniques to four separate nonrelated research tasks demonstrated the usefulness of such an approach in interpreting and communicating hydrologic survey data especially when large geographic areas are involved. Nutrient exchange and biotic indicators in coastal estuaries were analyzed to determine residence times in different seasons of the year. Man induced changes in urban runoff patterns were shown to increase the probability of flooding with different recurrences of storm events. Nitrate and indicator bacteria in private wells were analyzed on a county-wide basis to determine the sources and extent of natural occurrence versus contamination origins. Water wells and the surface supply of metropolitan Houston were analyzed for sodium content to assist citizens and physicians with data which are needed for derivation of sodium restricted therapeutic diets. 相似文献
173.
Andy J. Danylchuk Steven J. Cooke Tony L. Goldberg Cory D. Suski Karen J. Murchie Sascha E. Danylchuk Aaron D. Shultz Christopher R. Haak Edd J. Brooks Annabelle Oronti Jeff B. Koppelman David P. Philipp 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):1981-1999
To identify the timing and location of spawning activity for bonefish (Albula spp.) in the Bahamian archipelago, we used an acoustic telemetry array spanning 44?km2 of shallow tidal creeks, flats, and adjacent deeper coastal waters near Cape Eleuthera. In two successive years, we surgically implanted transmitters in male and female bonefish (n?=?60) and examined their movement patterns within the array. Eight bonefish surgically implanted with transmitters as part of an earlier study were also tracked. In 2009, the telemetry information was complemented with snorkeling observations, underwater video, and manual tracking of the same acoustically tagged fish, as well as fish (n?=?3) gastrically implanted with continuous transmitters. During a period of 4?C7?days spanning the full and new moons, primarily between October and May, bonefish moved from their typical shallow flats and aggregated at sites in close proximity to the deep water drop-off of the Exuma Sound. Localized movements of the large schools of bonefish (often?>1,000 fish) at these presumptive pre-spawning aggregation sites included brief trips (<8?h) just after sunset until just prior to sunrise to the abyssal wall at the edge of the Exuma Sound (i.e.,?>1,000?m depth). Tagged bonefish detected at these aggregation sites were subsequently detected back in the tidal creeks and coastal flats shortly after new and full moons and remained at these more typical shallow sites (i.e.,?<2?m depth). Although we did not directly observe spawning events, we did observe ventral nudging and porpoising behaviors, which are potentially associated with courtship. Timing of the observed movements and possible courtship behaviors was coincident with periods when gametes were well developed. Collectively, our study provides the first objective evidence suggesting that the aggregation and seasonal migration of bonefish to deep shelf environments during certain moon phases is for spawning. 相似文献
174.
Maki BE Sibley KM Jaglal SB Bayley M Brooks D Fernie GR Flint AJ Gage W Liu BA McIlroy WE Mihailidis A Perry SD Popovic MR Pratt J Zettel JL 《Journal of Safety Research》2011,42(6):473-485
Problem
Falling is a leading cause of serious injury, loss of independence, and nursing-home admission in older adults. Impaired balance control is a major contributing factor.Methods
Results from our balance-control studies have been applied in the development of new and improved interventions and assessment tools. Initiatives to facilitate knowledge-translation of this work include setting up a new network of balance clinics, a research-user network and a research-user advisory board.Results
Our findings support the efficacy of the developed balance-training methods, balance-enhancing footwear, neuro-prosthesis, walker design, handrail-cueing system, and handrail-design recommendations in improving specific aspects of balance control.Impact on Knowledge Users
A new balance-assessment tool has been implemented in the first new balance clinic, a new balance-enhancing insole is available through pharmacies and other commercial outlets, and handrail design recommendations have been incorporated into 10 Canadian and American building codes. Work in progress is expected to have further impact. 相似文献175.
Sophie M. E. Marsh Michael Hoffmann Neil D. Burgess Thomas M. Brooks Daniel W. S. Challender Patricia J. Cremona Craig Hilton-Taylor Flore Lafaye de Micheaux Gabriela Lichtenstein Dilys Roe Monika Böhm 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13844
Unsustainable exploitation of wild species represents a serious threat to biodiversity and to the livelihoods of local communities and Indigenous peoples. However, managed, sustainable use has the potential to forestall extinctions, aid recovery, and meet human needs. We analyzed species-level data for 30,923 species from 13 taxonomic groups on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species to investigate patterns of intentional biological resource use. Forty percent of species (10,098 of 25,009 species from 10 data-sufficient taxonomic groups) were used. The main purposes of use were pets, display animals, horticulture, and human consumption. Intentional use is currently contributing to elevated extinction risk for 28–29% of threatened or near threatened (NT) species (2752–2848 of 9753 species). Intentional use also affected 16% of all species used (1597–1631 of 10,098). However, 72% of used species (7291 of 10,098) were least concern, of which nearly half (3469) also had stable or improving population trends. The remainder were not documented as threatened by biological resource use, including at least 172 threatened or NT species with stable or improving populations. About one-third of species that had use documented as a threat had no targeted species management actions to directly address this threat. To improve use-related red-list data, we suggest small amendments to the relevant classification schemes and required supporting documentation. Our findings on the prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use, and variation across taxa, can inform international policy making, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. 相似文献
176.
Field demonstration of surfactant-enhanced solubilization of DNAPL at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Childs J Acosta E Annable MD Brooks MC Enfield CG Harwell JH Hasegawa M Knox RC Rao PS Sabatini DA Shiau B Szekeres E Wood AL 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2006,82(1-2):1-22
This study reports on a surfactant-based flood for tetrachloroethylene (PCE) removal from a control test cell at the Dover National Test Site. The surfactant formulation (sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-MA or AMA), isopropanol and calcium chloride) was able to achieve a high concentration of PCE in swollen micelles (supersolubilization) without vertical PCE migration. The hydraulic system included eight screened wells that were operated in both vertical circulation and line drive configurations. After 10 pore volumes of flushing, the overall PCE removal was 68% (65% of which corresponded to the surfactant flooding alone). In addition, the residual PCE saturation was reduced from 0.7% to 0.2%, and the concentration of PCE in the groundwater was reduced from 37-190 mg/L before the flushing to 7.3 mg/L after flooding. Recycling the surfactant solution reduced the required surfactant mass (and thus cost, and waste) by 90%. Close to 80% of the total PCE removal was obtained during the first five pore volumes which were operated in an upward vertical circulation flow scheme. No free oil phase was observed during the test. Further analysis of multilevel sampler data suggests that most of the trapped oil remaining in the cell was likely localized in secluded regions of the aquifer, which helps explain the lower PCE groundwater concentration after remedial activities. In summary, this field study demonstrated the feasibility of surfactant-enhanced remediation to reduce the mass in the source zone and significantly reduce the PCE aqueous concentration and therefore the risk associated with the contaminant plume. 相似文献
177.
Sericano J Wade TL Brooks JM Atlas EL Fay RR Wilkinson DL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1993,82(1):23-32
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program has been monitoring the chemical contamination in bivalve tissues from the US coastal waters since 1986. alpha-Chlordane, trans-nonachlor, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, components of technical chlordane, are among the chlorinated pesticides measured. The geographical distribution of these chlordane compounds in oyster samples from the US Gulf of Mexico is well-established. For example, highest residue levels, predominantly alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor, were encountered in samples collected near highly populated areas in contrast with the concentrations measured in predominantly agricultural areas. Data collected during 5 years of bivalve sampling are used to evaluate temporal trends in residue concentrations at most NS&T sites. Minor decreases can be observed in the concentrations of alpha-chlordane and trans-nonachlor. Heptachlor and its epoxide concentrations, in contrast, have been increasing since 1987. 相似文献
178.
J.J. Follstad Shah Y. Jameel R.M. Smith R.S. Gabor P.D. Brooks S.R. Weintraub 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(3):591-607
We conducted synoptic surveys over three seasons in one year to evaluate the variability in water sources and geochemistry of an urban river with complex water infrastructure in the state of Utah. Using stable isotopes of river water (δ18O and δ2H) within a Bayesian mixing model framework and a separate hydrologic mass balance approach, we quantified both the proportional inputs and magnitude of discharge associated with “natural” (lake, groundwater, and tributary inputs) and “engineered” (effluent and canal inflows) sources. The relative importance of these major contributors to streamflow varied both spatially and seasonally. Spatiotemporal patterns of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and orthophosphate indicated seasonal shifts in dominant sources of river water played an important role in determining water quality. We show although urban rivers are clearly influenced by novel water sources created by water infrastructure, they continue to reflect the imprint of “natural” water sources, including diffuse groundwater. Resource managers thus may need to account for the quantity of both surface waters and also historically overlooked groundwater inputs to address water quality concerns in urban rivers. 相似文献