长江武汉段鱼体内六六六、DDT及挥发酚的蓄积和分布

生物体内污染物的监测数据是评价环境质量的一个重要内容.近年来,环境生物监测有很大发展.特别是作为水生生物中较高营养级鱼类的鱼体中污染物分析,已有很多报道.长江是我国重要的淡水渔业基地之一.为了了解长江鱼类受污染的程度,我们     

Degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and accumulation of vinyl chloride in wetland sediment microcosms and in situ porewater: biogeochemical controls and associations with microbial communities

The biodegradation pathways of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (112TCA) and the associated microbial communities in anaerobic wetland sediments were evaluated using concurrent geochemical and genetic analyses over time in laboratory microcosm experiments. Experimental results were compared to in situ porewater data in the wetland to better understand the factors controlling daughter product distributions in a chlorinated solvent plume discharging to a freshwater tidal wetland at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Microcosms constructed with wetland sediment from two sites showed little difference in the initial degradation steps of TeCA, which included simultaneous hydrogenolysis to 112TCA and dichloroelimination to 1,2-dichloroethene (12DCE). The microcosms from the two sites showed a substantial difference, however, in the relative dominance of subsequent dichloroelimination of 112TCA. A greater dominance of 112TCA dichloroelimination in microcosms constructed with sediment that was initially iron-reducing and subsequently simultaneously iron-reducing and methanogenic caused approximately twice as much vinyl chloride (VC) production as microcosms constructed with sediment that was methanogenic only throughout the incubation. The microcosms with higher VC production also showed substantially more rapid VC degradation. Field measurements of redox-sensitive constituents, TeCA, and its anaerobic degradation products along flowpaths in the wetland porewater also showed greater production and degradation of VC with concurrent methanogenesis and iron reduction. Molecular fingerprinting indicated that bacterial species [represented by a peak at a fragment size of 198 base pairs (bp) by MnlI digest] are associated with VC production from 112TCA dichloroelimination, whereas methanogens (190 and 307 bp) from the Methanococcales or Methanobacteriales family are associated with VC production from 12DCE hydrogenolysis. Acetate-utilizing methanogens (acetotrophs) appear to be involved in the biodegradation of VC. The relative abundance of Methanosarcinaceae, the only methanogen group with acetotrophic members, doubled in microcosms in which degradation of VC was observed. In addition, molecular analyses using primers specific for known dehalorespiring bacteria in the Dehalococcoides and Desulfuromonas groups showed the presence of these bacteria in microcosm slurry from the site that showed the highest VC production and degradation. Determination of biogeochemical controls and microbial consortia involved in TeCA degradation is leading to a better understanding of the heterogeneity in biodegradation rates and daughter product distribution in the wetland, improving capabilities for developing remediation and monitoring plans.     

The relationship between surface adsorption and the hydrolysis of amitraz in anionic surfactant solutions

The adsorption of amitraz to various adsorbents was studied in terms of the amount and rate of adsorption and the effect that adsorption had on the stability of amitraz in an aqueous environment. Adsorption results showed that in terms of their ability to adsorb amitraz from solution the adsorbents tested in this study can be ordered as follows: coarse carbon > cation exchange resin > or = anion exchange resin > fine carbon. Amitraz was not adsorbed on sand and potassium oxihumate. Adding sodium lauryl sulfate and potassium oxihumate to aqueous suspensions of suspended adsorbents containing adsorbed amitraz showed that both these anionic surfactants significantly increased the hydrolysis rate because the half-lives for amitraz was reduced from 27 days for a suspension to only 8 hours for amitraz adsorbed to a cation exchange resin and suspended in an aqueous buffer pH 5.8 containing 0.5% of the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate and 12 hours when 1% potassium oxihumate was added.     

指数平滑法在环境预测中的应用

指数平滑法是常用的一种时间序列预测方法，它在环境的预测方面有较强的实用性。文中简要介绍了该法的原理以及平滑计算，建模，预测和精度分析的过程，并以大同市７年降水的时间序列为例，对该法的应用效果进行了探讨。     

Natural phillipsite as a matrix for a slow-release formulation of oxamyl

The performance of phillipsite as a matrix for slow-release formulation of oxamyl [N,N-dimethyl-2-methylcarbamoyl-oxymino-2-(methylthio)acetamide] was tested. The adsorption kinetics followed a first-order law, and the adsorption isotherm fitted well in a two-surface Langmuir model, suggesting a double mechanism of interaction between oxamyl and the sorbent. The sorption mechanism, studied by FTIR, provided two fractions of oxamyl. The first one is sorbed on the mineral surface, linked by H-bonding, and the second one is constituted by a multilayer of oxamyl molecules linked by a water bridge between them. The release kinetics of oxamyl from a substratum zeolite-oxamyl also follows a first-order law, with two stages that correspond to both fractions of oxamyl previously detected.     

Solvent and surfactant enhanced solubilization, stabilization, and degradation of amitraz

In an effort to help with the development of effective dip vat management and waste disposal strategies this study determined how solution properties such as pH, buffer composition, ionic strength, temperature, solubility in organic solvents and the addition of commonly used solubilizing agents influenced the hydrolysis of amitraz. Amitraz degrade by means of hydrolysis described by a pseudo-first order rate process and a type ABCD pH rate profile. Hydrolysis increased with temperature and was fastest at low pH, slowest at neutral to slightly alkaline pH, and slightly increased above pH 10. However, buffer concentration and ionic strength influenced the hydrolysis rate and had to be accounted for before constructing a pH rate profile. Hydrolysis seems to depend on the dielectric constant of solvent mixtures and was fastest in water, slower in propylene glycol and ethanol solutions, and slowest in DMSO mixtures. In surfactant solutions, anionic micelles enhanced and cationic micelles retarded the hydrolysis rate. The magnitude of micellar effects decreased with increasing concentrations of the surfactants. The increased solubility and faster hydrolysis of amitraz in the sodium lauryl sulfate solutions showed that anionic surfactants potentially could be used for cleaning up amitraz spills, because it both solubilized the drug and catalyzed hydrolysis.     

保温生物介质氧化处理农村生活污水的应用研究进展

保温生物介质氧化处理方法是一种高效、低耗、运行简便的分散式农村生活污水处理技术,其出水可达GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准限值。介绍了保温生物介质氧化处理方法的工艺流程、系统结构以及优势,并详细概括了保温生物介质氧化处理方法的关键性问题:填料的选择和制备、水力负荷的选择、填料层厚度的选择以及剩余污泥等问题。     

表面活性剂体系下气液两相螺旋流压降规律实验研究

通过气液两相螺旋流实验仪器研究了可降解性表面活性剂对气液两相流流型和压降的影响,实验介质设定为空气和水,表面活性剂为天然椰子油,气液两相折算速度0.1~4.0 m/s,体积含气率5%~95%,起旋器为叶轮,实验在室温下进行。实验得到了螺旋泡状流、螺旋线状流、螺旋轴状流、螺旋团状流、螺旋弥散流、螺旋波状分层流等6种典型流型。对实验数据进行分析整理,发现流型对压降起着至关重要的作用,其中螺旋弥散流的压降梯度最小,螺旋波状分层流的压降梯度最大。同时分析了起旋器、含气率、表面活性剂浓度对压降的影响。另外,提出了对于由叶轮起旋的气液两相螺旋流的摩擦压降新的预测公式,理论计算值与实验所得数据吻合良好。     

生物絮凝剂用于给水混凝处理中浊度去除的研究

利用高岭土悬浊液和松花江原水作为研究对象,以混凝试验为基础考察了生物絮凝剂(BFs)对浊度的去除效果.结果表明,单独使用生物絮凝剂进行混凝处理在投药量5～19mg/L的范围内能够使高岭土溶液浊度去除84%,低于Al2(SO4)3(93%)和Fe2(SO4)3(94%). Zeta电位和混凝pH变化结果表明,生物絮凝剂的混凝效果主要受吸附架桥机理支配.向生物絮凝剂中投加少量的Al盐和Fe盐能够明显强化混凝效果,且在相同的混凝效果时Fe盐投加量小于Al盐投加量.这种强化作用主要是因为无机盐和生物絮凝剂的复合加强了电性中和与吸附架桥作用. Fe盐和生物絮凝剂复合使用可以在低投药量和中性pH条件下有效去除原水的浊度(94.6%).生物絮凝剂能够在较大的投药量范围内有效去除水源水中的颗粒物,形成的剩余污泥能够被自然降解;同时,由于不使用金属盐,大大降低了由于铝的积累而导致的致病风险,是一种环境友好的绿色絮凝剂.     

自动监控技术在环境监测中的应用

介绍了自动控制技术、在线监测技术以及现代信息和多媒体技术在环境监测工作中的应用,并阐述了自动监控技术在环境监测中应用价值及存在的困难。