Experimental investigation of gamma-ray attenuation in Jordanian building materials using HPGe-spectrometer

The capabilities of some building materials used in Jordan to attenuate gamma radiation were tested. Measurements of the attenuation coefficients of limestone, bricks and concrete have been carried out using a HPGe-spectrometer. Narrow beam technique was used, with a multiple gamma radiation source of different energy lines. Results indicate that variations in the attenuation coefficient for all limestone samples, at the same energy line, are within the experimental uncertainties. On the basis of the results achieved, an empirical formula mu(m)=AE(-0.44) was proposed to calculate attenuation at various incident energies. Limestone of average thickness 7cm was found to stop 75% of a gamma beam of energy 662keV. Meanwhile a brick of effective thickness 7cm was found to stop 60% of the same beam. The total attenuation coefficient of concrete calculated at 1333keV was 11.2m(-1), which is less than that of limestone and bricks.     

Constraints on the use of anthropogenic radionuclide-derived chronologies for saltmarsh sediments

Numerous studies have employed anthropogenic radionuclides deposited in accumulating sediments to derive chronologies for use in investigations of geomorphological processes and in reconstructing temporal trends in contaminant deposition. However, relatively few have interrogated their use in systems that erode as well as accrete sediment, or have addressed limitations in their applicability in systems that experience variable rates of accumulation. This paper examines the utility of Sellafield-derived radionuclides for reconstructing sedimentary processes in two contrasting saltmarsh systems in the south-west of Scotland. Sedimentation rates and patterns derived from the radionuclide chronologies are outlined and compared to results established through conventional geomorphological methods. The results confirm that the vertical distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides can be useful in determining sedimentation rates, but that these cannot always be used as indicators of contemporary processes, particularly where erosion is occurring. Their use is also limited unless profiles are obtained from spatially diverse geomorphological units. Integrating the use of chronologies with other independent methods secures more robust data for assessing both marsh sustainability and their longevity as radionuclide sinks.     

不同国家土壤生态筛选值比较与启示

土壤污染生态风险防控是我国土壤环境保护和管理的重要目标.与国外发达国家相比,我国尚未建立基于生态风险的土壤筛选值(土壤生态筛选值),当前有关土壤生态筛选值的综述相对较少.本文系统梳理了美国环境保护局(EPA)、英国环境署(EA)、荷兰住房、空间规划和环境部(VROM)和加拿大环境部长理事会(CCME)制定的土壤生态筛选值,从标准定位、关键受体、暴露途径、推导方法和生物有效性等方面进行对比分析.结果表明,不同国家土壤生态筛选值均考虑了土壤直接接触毒性和经生物富集和生物放大的二次毒性,推导方法普遍采用生态风险评估方法,并充分考虑污染物的生物有效性.然而,当前我国土壤风险管控标准中仅GB 15618—2018农用地标准的部分考虑了污染物对农作物生长和土壤生态的影响,且试验和推导方法与国外筛选值存在较大差异.因此,“十四五”期间建议初步构建我国土壤生态风险评估框架,明确土壤生态筛选值的定位、作用和使用形式,加强代表性物种和典型土壤的陆生生态毒理学等基础研究,建立科学、规范的土壤生态筛选值制定方法和配套指南,尝试建立适合我国土壤区域特征的土壤污染归一方程和淋洗/老化因子,为我国土壤生态筛选值的制...     

亲水作用色谱-三重四极杆质谱法分析肉中代谢调节剂美度铵残留

本文采用亲水作用（HILIC）色谱-串联质谱,建立了肉类中代谢调节剂美度铵残留量的测定方法.肉类样品经碳酸氢铵-乙腈缓冲液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,经HILIC色谱分离,三重四极杆质谱多反应监测模式（MRM）测定,基质匹配外标曲线定量.结果显示,5—1000μg·kg^-1浓度范围内线性良好,判定系数r²均大于0.995,线性良好;猪肉、虾中美度铵的检出限分别为0.2、0.3μg·kg^-1,定量限分别为0.7、1.0μg·kg^-1,空白样品中加标5、10、50μg·kg^-1,加标回收率81.8%—109.5%之间.该方法简便,灵敏度高,准确度好.     

吐温80降解菌的分离及其性能的初步研究

从生活污水污染的土壤中分离纯化得到一株高效降解非离子表面活性剂吐温80的菌株,经鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp.),其降解吐温80的最适温度和pH值为30℃和6.5。该菌株在吐温80浓度高于5000mg/L情况下仍然可以旺盛生长。72h内可以将5000m g/L吐温80溶液降解98.6%,使其剩余浓度<70mg/L。     

苏州水网地区河道底泥的重金属分布特征与污染风险

苏州100 km²水网地区采样点的底泥中重金属Cd、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别为1.4、127.4、83.2、18.2、51.7、145.1和350.7 mg·kg^-1,分别是背景值的13.7、5.7、1.1、1.7、1.9、5.5和5.6倍,超过GB 15618-2018标准风险筛选值的点位比例分别为100.0%、97.3%、38.4%、83.6%、97.3%、90.4%和100.0%.采用改进的地累积指数法评价单种重金属元素的污染程度,可知苏州水网地区底泥中7种重金属元素污染程度依次为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>As>Cr>Ni,其中,Cd属于极强污染,Cu和Pb属于强度到极强污染,Zn属于强度污染,As属于中度到强度污染,Cr和Ni属于中度污染.古城区、西北部、西南部和东部底泥样品中Cd、 Pb、 Cu和Zn均是高污染贡献的重金属元素,重金属潜在生态风险程度从大到小依次为：西北部、西南部、古城区和东部.相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni、 ...     

福建省乡村智慧旅游发展创新策略研究

基于智慧旅游视角对福建省乡村旅游发展现状进行分析,发现其在旅游配套设施、管理、营销与服务上缺乏智慧引领,从基础保障体系构建、智慧管理、智慧营销和智慧服务四方面提出福建省“乡村智慧旅游”架构及创新发展策略,以期对福建乃至全国的乡村旅游转型发展提供借鉴.     

Uranium in vegetable foodstuffs: should residents near the Cunha Baixa uranium mine site (Central Northern Portugal) be concerned?

Large uranium accumulations in vegetable foodstuffs may present risks of human health if they are consumed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the uranium concentrations in different vegetable foodstuffs and grown in agricultural soils, which are then consumed by the residents of the village of Cunha Baixa (Portugal),—located in an former uranium mining area. This study was conducted to address concerns expressed by the local farmers as well as to provide data for uranium-related health risk assessments for the area. Soils, irrigation water and edible tissues of lettuce, potato, green bean, carrot, cabbage, apple and maize (Latuca sativa L., Solanum tuberosum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Daucus carota L., Brassica oleracea L., Malus domestica Borkh, Zea mays L., respectively) were sampled and uranium determined. High uranium concentrations were found in some soils (U_total > 50 mg/kg), in irrigation waters (218 to 1,035 μg/l) and in some vegetable foodstuffs (up to 234, 110, 30, 26, 22, 16 and 1.6 μg/kg fresh weight for lettuce, potato with peel, green bean pods, cabbage, corn, carrot and apple, respectively). However, the results of the toxicity hazard analysis were reassuring the estimated level of uranium exposure through the ingestion of these vegetable foodstuffs was low, suggesting no chemical health risk (hazard quotient <1) to this uranium exposure pathway for a local residents during their lifetime, even for the most sensitive part of the population (child).     

异质结型光催化剂CuO/SnO2的制备及产氢性能

光催化降解有机废水可以实现在降解污染物同时回收清洁能源.本研究采用简单沉淀法制备了CuO/SnO2系列复合光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM对其结构进行表征.分别考察了氧化铜含量和乙醇浓度对复合材料光催化产氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,通过氧化铜与二氧化锡适当比例复合能显著提高复合材料的光催化产氢性能.复合材料48.51%CuO/SnO2的产氢性能比纯二氧化锡提高了近5倍.乙醇的浓度也对复合材料的产氢性能有较大影响,最佳的乙醇浓度为2.00 mol.L-1左右.长时间光催化产氢结果表明,每降解废水中1 kg的COD可产生氢气3724 mL.另外,对复合材料光催化分解乙醇的产氢机理也进行了分析.     

长江中下游典型下蜀土剖面成分对比研究

根据长江中下游三个下蜀土剖面94个样品主要组分元素化学成分的分析结果,结合西北洛川黄土数据资料进行了下蜀土剖面主要元素成分含量和风化程度的分析对比。结果表明不同下蜀土剖面在主要组分含量上差异不明显,但在易淋溶元素含量和经历的化学风化程度方面存在一定差异。