闽江流域福州区段肠道病毒污染程度的监测与预测

为了解闽江流域福州区段肠道病毒污染状况,病毒污染水平与某些水质因子的相关性,以期建立用简单的方法对水体病毒污染程度进行预测,1998年11月-2000年4月,监测了闽江下游福州段水体肠道病毒污染与水质状况.结果显示,肠道病毒阳性率71.1%,平均病毒浓度5.33pfu/L,其中3个污染控制断面肠道病毒阳性检出率及病毒浓度显著高于对照和削减断面.这表明闽江福州段水环境病毒污染水平同福州市内河生活污水排放有直接的关系,而内河引水冲污工程的实施显然又加剧了闽江水病毒污染程度,增加了饮用水的卫生微生物学危险性.逐步回归分析结果显示,不同水样点的病毒浓度与一定的水质理化和生物因子间有显著性的线性关系,可用于水体环境病毒污染状况及危害程度的简单预测.     

2018年8月两次登陆北上台风移向的先兆信号分析

在分析台风“摩羯”（201814）和“温比亚”（201818）登陆北上异常路径的基础上,从近地面层气象要素场与台风位置动态配置入手,探寻了台风登陆后移向的近地面先兆信号,以此可修正数值模式的预报结果。主要结论如下:登陆后的台风尽管路径多变,但是近地面层气象要素还是会提供一些移向征兆。比如,地面3 h变压低值中心和地面露点高值中心,1 000 hPa高频流涡旋、渐近线或汇合点将是台风未来移动的方向;台风还有沿着流线密集带向其倒槽顶端移动的趋势。登陆后的台风没有趋暖性,而是沿地面温度低值区移动。由于地面要素受下垫面影响较为严重,所以在实际业务应用中应以地面3 h变压、地面露点与高频流场为主,地面温度和地面流场为辅。     

Co-digestion of cattle manure with food waste and sludge to increase biogas production

Anaerobic co-digestion strategies are needed to enhance biogas production, especially when treating certain residues such as cattle/pig manure. This paper presents a study of co-digestion of cattle manure with food waste and sewage sludge. With the aim of maximising biogas yields, a series of experiments were carried out under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions using continuously stirred-tank reactors, operating at different hydraulic residence times. Pretreatment with ultrasound was also applied to compare the results with those obtained with non-pretreated waste. Specific methane production decreases when increasing the OLR and decreasing HRT. The maximum value obtained was 603 LCH(4)/kg VS(feed) for the co-digestion of a mixture of 70% manure, 20% food waste and 10% sewage sludge (total solid concentration around 4%) at 36°C, for an OLR of 1.2g VS/Lday. Increasing the OLR to 1.5g VS/Lday led to a decrease of around 20-28% in SMP. Lower methane yields were obtained when operating at 55°C. The increase in methane production when applying ultrasound to the feed mixtures does not compensate for the energy spent in this pretreatment.     

利用粉煤灰发展生猪生产

我州生产、生活炉灶均以烧小龙潭煤为主,兼烧少量木柴,年均燃煤量为71万吨,按每吨煤产生21.76％吨粉煤灰计,则年均产生15.45万吨粉煤灰,它严重地危害了城乡环境,为粉煤灰找出路是环境环卫部门的一大课题。本文对利用适量粉煤灰喂养生猪进行了探索,并介绍给读     

Effect of hypoxia on the circulating levels of essential mineral elements in rats

Changes occurring in concentrations of certain trace metals and electrolytes viz. chromium, copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, calcium, magenesium and chloride in plasma of rats exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia were evaluated. Batches of Sprague-Dowley rats (12 in each group) were exposed for 1, 7,14 and 21 days to a simulated altitude 7,620 m for 6 h per day and one group of unexposed animals was kept as control. There was a significant rise of 153% in plasma chromium levels of 1 day exposed group in comparison to the unexposed group which tends to normalise on subsequent exposure. There was a gradual increase in plasma copper levels of 9.0, 28.2, 62.6 and 65.6% respectively in 1,7,14 and 21 days exposed rats in comparison to unexposed rats. On the other hand plasma zinc levels were seen to be decreasing during entire exposure. Plasma sodium levels decreased initially in 1 and 7 day exposed rats and increased in later groups whereas plasma potassium levels of exposed groups remained low in comparison to unexposed group. Chloride levels were found to be elevated in 14 and 21 day exposed groups. The plasma calcium and magnesium levels were higher in all exposed groups over unexposed groups. Changes in chromium, copper and zinc observed in the present study during exposure to hypoxic stress may be responsible for the hyperglycemia and anorexia encountered during intial phase of high altitude acclimatisation.     

珠江三角洲旅游城市一体化研究

文章通过对珠江三角洲城市旅游资源及其发展条件的剖析,就如何加快珠三角旅游业的发展速度,增强珠三角旅游业的发展后劲和促进珠三角可持续发展等问题,提出了珠江三角洲旅游城市一体化的战略思想。分析了有效推进珠三角旅游城市一体化的优势,提出了一系列切实可行的对策,指出旅游城市一体化不仅可以促进形成珠三角区域良性协调机制,实现区域经济优势互补,有利于城乡一体化和实现现代化,而且还可以提高珠三角在我国加入WTO以后的旅游竞争力和抗冲击能力。     

Environmental impact of noise levels in and around opencast bauxite mine

Until recently, noise pollution has not been paid adequate attention as air, water and land pollution. In order to assess (predict) the impact of bauxite mine noise on employees health and in and around bauxite mine environment, general noise sources and equipment noise were monitored. All these noise sources were compared with prescribed standard noise levels laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Data has also been compared with reference site, north block hill top which is barren and virgin plateau/top covered with grass only and free from human interference. Equipment noise levels were much higher than the other zone of the mine which does not have the corresponding standards. Rock breaker recorded the highest noise level with 73.1 +/- 14.2 to 89.5 +/- 10.1 dB (A) while from ripper dozer it was least with 61.0 +/- 17.3 to 76.2 +/- 6.2 dB (A). Meteorological parameters did not have much influence upon equipment noise up to 100 feet from the source.     

Phosphorus flux from wetland soils affected by long-term nutrient loading

Wetland soils play a key role in the cycling of nutrients within an ecosystem. Since soils are potentially a source or a sink for inorganic nutrients, it is important to quantify their influence on overlying water quality in order to understand their importance in overall ecosystem nutrient budgets. Laboratory and field studies were performed in the northern Everglades (WCA-2A) to determine the magnitude of phosphorus (P) flux between the soil and the overlying water column, under various redox conditions. The P flux was estimated using three techniques: intact soil cores, in situ benthic chambers, and porewater equilibrators. There was reasonable agreement between the P flux estimated using intact soil cores and benthic chambers; however, P flux estimates using the porewater equilibrators were considerably lower than the other two techniques. Models of solute flux, based solely on soil physico-chemical characteristics, may substantially underestimate soil-water nutrient exchange processes. Phosphorus flux measured with the intact soil cores varied from 6.5 mg m(-2) d(-1) near nutrient inflow areas to undetectable flux 4 km away from the inflow. Oxygen consumption varied from 4 mg m(-2) d(-1) near the inflow to a constant 1 to 2 mg m(-2) d(-1) at a distance of 4 km from the inflow. Rate of consumption of NO3- -N and SO4(2-) showed no significant trend with respect to distance from inflow. Nitrate N and SO4 consumption rates averaged 120 and 130 mg m(-1) d(-1), respectively. Consumption of O2 was correlated with P flux, whereas NO3- -N and SO4(2-) consumption were not.     

Concentrations of natural radionuclides in imported mineral substances

Levels of natural radionuclides, such as thorium-232 (232Th), radium-226 (226Ra) and potassium-40 (40K), were determined in about 2,000 samples of imported mineral substances using gamma spectrometry. The maximum concentration levels of 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were 1,260 +/- 54, 13,400 +/- 94 and 1,256 +/- 260 Bq kg(-1), respectively, in zirconium compounds. Due to relatively high concentrations of the above-mentioned radionuclides in some imported mineral substances, the National Radiation Protection Department (NRPD), as the competent authority, has established national limits (900 Bq kg(-1) for 232Th, 1800 Bq kg(-1) for 226Ra and 11,000 Bq kg(-1) for 40K), based on the external exposures, for general importation permits of these materials.     

Toward efficient riparian restoration: integrating economic, physical, and biological models

This paper integrates economic, biological, and physical models to explore the efficient combination and spatial allocation of conservation efforts to protect water quality and increase salmonid populations in the Grande Ronde basin, Oregon. We focus on the effects of shade on water temperatures and the subsequent impacts on endangered juvenile salmonid populations. The integrated modeling system consists of a physical model that links riparian conditions and hydrological characteristics to water temperature; a biological model that links water temperature and riparian conditions to salmonid abundance, and an economic model that incorporates both physical and biological models to estimate minimum cost allocations of conservation efforts. Our findings indicate that conservation alternatives such as passive and active riparian restoration, the width of riparian restoration zones, and the types of vegetation used in restoration activities should be selected based on the spatial distribution of riparian characteristics in the basin. The relative effectiveness of passive and active restoration plays an important role in determining the efficient allocations of conservation efforts. The time frame considered in the restoration efforts and the magnitude of desired temperature reductions also affect the efficient combinations of restoration activities. If the objective of conservation efforts is to maximize fish populations, then fishery benefits should be directly targeted. Targeting other criterion such as water temperatures would result in different allocations of conservation efforts, and therefore are not generally efficient.