土壤-水稻体系中污染重金属的迁移及其对水稻的影响

在温室条件下通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了植物对添加Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn等重金属的吸收.结果表明,供试元素的迁移受本身的性质、交互作用、添加量以及土壤吸持强度所影响.植物对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的吸收系数与用等温吸附方程所表示的土壤吸附强度和金属元素的第一级水解常数值有关.离子冲量与稻谷产量的关系表明,它有可能作为一种污染总量控制指标,反映了总量控制中“有效态”的重要性.     

酸雨胁迫下铈、镧对萝卜保护酶系统影响的比较

溶液培养条件下,研究了酸雨胁迫条件下萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.,一点红)保护酶系统的响应及稀土元素镧、铈的防护作用,并就镧、铈的防护作用进行了比较。结果显示:酸雨导致萝卜保护酶系统的SOD、CAT、POD酶活性总体水平发生变化,SOD、POD活性增强,CAT活性减弱。w(La)=30mg·kg-1、w(Ce)=40mg·kg-1的施用降低了SOD、POD活性水平,增强了CAT活性,减弱了由于酸雨胁迫对萝卜幼苗保护酶系统所造成的影响,且镧的总体防护效应优于铈。这表明,适宜种类、适当剂量的稀土可以诱导植物抗逆性,促进其生长,降低酸雨胁迫损伤。     

铈对酸雨和镉双重胁迫下小麦生理指标的影响

以小麦永良4号(Triticum aestivum)为材料,通过营养液水培实验,研究了在酸雨和镉的双重胁迫下,铈对小麦幼苗叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响.实验结果显示:pH2.0+10 mg·L~(-1) Cd~(2+)、pH2.0+50 mg·L~(-1) Cd~(2+)、pH2.0+200 mg·L~(-1) Cd~(2+)三种处理都可明显增加MDA含量,提高SOD活性,降低NR活性,双重胁迫的抑制作用明显,且随着Cd~(2+)的质量浓度增加,抑制程度加重;叶面喷施40 mg·L~(-1)的铈预处理后,MIDA含量下降,SOD活性降低,NR活性上升,显示叶面喷施适当质量浓度铈可以有效降低小麦体内氧自由基含量,减轻膜系统的损伤,提高小麦对氮肥的利用能力,缓解镉和酸雨双重胁迫对小麦幼苗生长与代谢的损伤.数据还显示:适当铈对三个测定指标的修复作用不同,表现为SOD>MDA>NR.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻磷素吸收利用的影响

为促进农田流失养分的循环利用,2009、2010年以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施氮(N)量为120 kg hm-2(LN)、240 kg hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期磷(P)素含量、吸收、分配和利用效率的影响.结果表明:1)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻不同生育时期植株含P率显著提高,各生育时期P素吸收量显著提高;2)农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期P素在茎鞘、叶片和穗中分配比例均无显著影响;3)农田施用水葫芦后,除够苗期外,水稻不同生育时期P素干物质生产效率极显著降低,P素籽粒效率显著降低,但P素收获指数无显著变化;4)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻产量显著提高;5)增施N肥后,水稻不同生育时期的植株P素含量和吸收量多得到显著或极显著的增加,P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多明显下降;6)水葫芦×N处理对稻株P素吸收利用多无显著互作效应;农田施用水葫芦使水稻植株含P率、P素吸收量显著提高,使P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多显著降低.     

稻麦两熟农田稻季养分径流流失特征

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下江苏稻麦两熟农田稻季养分径流流失规律。结果表明：稻季径流水量可达5705.55m3·hm-2;常规施肥（T0）条件下,稻田径流流失全N（TN）、全P（TP）和速效K（AK）的总量分别为11.29、0.19和13.22kg·hm^-2,流失率分别为3.8%、0.21%和9.8%;径流水中全N和速效K质量浓度随距施肥时间的延长而呈逐渐下降趋势;较常规施肥处理而言,秸秆还田（T1）和还田减肥（T2）处理不仅能够有效降低径流水中TN、TP和AK质量浓度,而且能够减少稻季养分径流流失总量,分别减少13.48%、17.55%,25.00%、31.25%和22.69%、53.48%,并降低养分流失率,分别达13.16%、-2.63%,23.81%、14.29%和22.45%、41.84%。     

固定化细胞处理有机废水研究

研究了以廉价材料ＰＶＡ为主要原料的混合载体法固定污泥处理有机废水的关键性包埋技术条件，解决了妨碍固定化细胞在废水处理领域推广应用所面临的制备成球难，活性平失大，发胀粘连和上浮等问题，并以１升ＵＡＳＢ反应器启动试验证明了污泥以包埋后可防止流失使厌氧化器快速启动，提高产气率，甲烷含量，运行过程工艺参数的稳定性。     

Modeling microbial-mediated reduction in batch reactors

The governing equations that depict microbially-mediated reduction of heavy metals in the subsurface include a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE's) that describe physical (transport), chemical (sorption), and microbial (reduction/oxidation) processes. The existence of nonlinear reaction terms makes numerical simulations more challenging; however, with the advent of time-splitting solution algorithms, nonlinear reaction terms can be isolated from the convective-dispersive components of the governing transport equations and then solved as a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE's). In this paper, four methods are evaluated for solving coupled systems of nonlinear ODE's that describe microbially-mediated reduction/oxidation processes. The evaluation involves a series of comparisons of transient simulations of electron donor oxidation, electron acceptor reduction, and microbial biomass accumulation. The methods evaluation is initiated with a comparison of simulation results obtained with the four methods to those generated with an analytical model. Next, laboratory observations, of nitrite consumption by Nitrobacter winogradski in batch reactors are used in a comparison of batch system simulations generated using each of the four methods and BIOKEMOD (biogeochemical kinetic/equilibrium reaction model). The evaluation finds one of the four methods, the quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA), to be among the most accurate and easiest to implement. Final validation of the QSSA is performed simulating experimental results of microbially-mediated chromium reductions in batch cultures.     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

国内外环境空气质量指数分析和比较

通过资料调研,对中国、美国、英国、中国香港等国家和地区的空气质量指数（AQI）进行了对比研究,以便考查中外AQI间的差异。结果表明：①国内外AQI的指标项目及取值时间、分级方案等主要依据各自的环境空气质量标准而制定,并随着环境空气质量标准的修订而不断更新。②在指标项目方面,各国AQI指数逐渐增加PM_2.5指标且更加注重气体污染物急性效应的评价;中国AQI指数在API指数基础上进行了全面的扩充,在指标数量方面是世界上最多的。在分级方案方面,中国分级浓度限值主要参考美国和中国香港而制定,且大部分指标的分级浓度限值均与国际衔接,但中国SO₂-1 h平均和PM_2.5-24 h平均两个指标在AQI<200时的低浓度区间的评价结果偏宽松。③与国外相比,中国AQI实时报中颗粒物和臭氧的滑动平均时段具有一定的滞后性。建议中国开展颗粒物健康风险评价相关研究,改进AQI实时报的统计方法,并尽快开展AQI预报工作。     

江苏省城市污泥中多环芳烃的含量及其主要影响因素分析

采用高效液相色谱,对江苏省21家代表性城市污水处理厂污水污泥中多环芳烃含量进行了分析.结果发现,污泥中含有7-16种PAH化合物,都是以2(或3)个苯环的化合物为主,而难降解4-6个苯环的化合物所占质量分数均较低.但污水来源及其处理方式、污泥处理方法等均影响着污泥中PAHs的含量及组成,消化可明显降低污泥中PAHs的含量.污泥中∑PAHs总量在11.68-169.91 mg·kg-1,各污泥间含量差异显著;具有致癌性的PAHs含量在1.17-41.03 mg·kg-1,平均值为6.59mg·kg-1;被列入中国环境"优先污染物"的PAHs含量在4.07-59.06 mg-kg-1之间.其中萘是江苏城市污泥中均含有的PAHs化合物,而对于强致癌性化合物苯并(a)芘,其含量相对较低,在污泥中含量一般在0-2.20 mg·kg-1,平均含量为0.15mg·kg-1,远低于我国农用污泥控制标准的3.0 mg·kg-1.