氯氟烃及其替代物

近年来,臭氧衰竭比原先预料的更严重,对人类健康和环境构成了严重威胁。“蒙特利尔议定书”和“大气清洁法案”要求2000年要完全清除致臭氧衰竭物质——氯氟烃(CFCs)的生产和使用。目前,世界各地积极开发CFCs的替代物,以加速转换。虽然已开发的氧氯氟烃(HCFCs)、氢氟烃(HFCs)等替代物与CFCs相比还有一定缺点,但最终一定会实现替代转换。     

湘西、湘中新元古界—古生界微量元素地球化学特征

湘西湘中新元古界—古生界是金锑砷等金属矿床的重要产出层位。岩石地层微量元素地球化学研究对于认识矿源层以及矿床成因具有重要的意义。本文根据单一地球化学过程产生的地质体中元素含量趋向于正态分布的认识 ,对于湘西湘中的新元古界—古生界中的微量元素进行了系统研究 ,结果表明 :新元古界的板溪群和震旦系是Au、Sb、As的重要含矿建造 ;Pb在奥陶系、志留系中显著富集 ;Hg在寒武系和奥陶系中明显富集。古生代各地层中Sb、As、Hg、Au等成矿元素均不同程度地受到后期成矿作用的影响 ,泥盆系和石炭系中Sb、As的高平均含量是由成矿叠加作用所引起的。     

Using hyper-spectral indices to detect soil phosphorus concentration for various land use patterns

This study provides earthworm population data obtained from localities with a substantial anthropogenic impact spoils. The spoil heaps were reclaimed at the end of an opencast brown coal mining period. We studied spoils reclaimed by the two most commonly used reclamation processes: forestry and agricultural. The results show the significance of the locality age and the utilized reclamation process and treatment and their effect on earthworm communities. Our data indicate that apart from soil physical and chemical properties, the reclamation process itself may also induce viability and distribution of earthworm communities. Under standardized soil properties, the changes in earthworm populations during the succession were larger within the agricultural reclamation process as opposed to the forestry reclamation process for earthworm ecological groups and individual species.     

新型高效台车式退火炉研制

退火炉采取小燃烧室,对工件实行侧下加热、强化绝热措施复合炉衬、二次均热风管、扩张室沉降等五项措施.目的是为了提高炉的热效率和炉温的均匀度.在耗煤量较低的情况下能保持较高的燃烧室强度.有利于强化燃烧和减少蓄散热损失.实行扩张室沉降,在不加任何除尘装置的条件下烟尘排放浓度达到了国家标准新规定的排放要求,而且大大改善了工人的劳动条件.     

温度、氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的影响

为制定热排放标准的需要,用动态实验和静态实验方法研究了热冲击与氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的急性和亚急性效应。结果表明：选择温度与起始致死温度（TL₅₀）值随着驯化温度的升高而增大,鳙鱼对热冲击的反应较敏感。氨对鲢、鳙、鲤鱼的急性毒性（96h）LC₅₀值分别为0.38、0.30、0.66mgNH₃/L（非离解氨）。水温升高5℃,鲤鱼的（96h）LC₅₀。值从0.66mgNH₃/L下降到0.44mgNH₃/L,热冲击明显提高了氨对鲤鱼的毒性。氨对鲤鱼的亚急性毒性结果表明,鳃、肝组织出现了病理改变。以上室内实验结果可作为评价监测热污染水质的科学依据。     

福建浦城一三都澳铜金银多金属成矿带成矿地球化学研究

本文校系统地研究了成矿元素及微星元素．稀土元素和铅、硫、氢、氧同位素等成矿地球化学特征．研究结果表明，研究区内成矿物质来源是多方面的；成矿过程中的介质水在成矿主要阶段是大气降水与再平衡岩浆水的混会，在成矿晚期则主要来自大气降水；成矿是多阶段的，可依据各阶段的矿化程度来确定今后应侧重的矿种．     

噪声的污染与治理

介绍了大庆石化总厂化工二厂生产装置的噪声污染情况，防治措施。对今后噪声治理提出了设想．     

Mobilization and plant accumulation of prometryne in soil by two different sources of organic matter

Prometryne is a selective herbicide of the s-triazine chemical family. Due to its weak absorption onto soil, it readily leaches down through the soil and contaminates underground water. Application of organic manure to soil has become a widespread practice as a disposal strategy to improve soil properties. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of pig manure compost (PMC) and lake-bed sludge (SL) on the sorption/desorption, mobility and bioavailability of prometryne in soil using comprehensive analysis approaches. Downward movement of prometryne was monitored in the packed soil column. Addition of PMC or SL decreased considerably the mobility and total concentration of prometryne in the soil leachate. Bioavailability analyses with wheat plants revealed that addition of the organic matter reduced accumulation of prometryne in tissues and increased plant elongation and biomass. These results indicate that the organic amendments are effective in modifying adsorption and mobility of the pesticide in soil.     

NDVI indicated characteristics of vegetation cover change in China��s metropolises over the last three decades

How urban vegetation was influenced by three decades of intensive urbanization in China is of great interest but rarely studied. In this paper, we used satellite derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and socioeconomic data to evaluate effects of urbanization on vegetation cover in China??s 117 metropolises over the last three decades. Our results suggest that current urbanization has caused deterioration of urban vegetation across most cities in China, particularly in East China. At the national scale, average urban area NDVI (NDVI_u) significantly decreased during the last three decades (P?<?0.01), and two distinct periods with different trends can be identified, 1982?C1990 and 1990?C2006. NDVI_u did not show statistically significant trend before 1990 but decrease remarkably after 1990 (P?<?0.01). Different regions also showed difference in the timing of NDVI_u turning point. The year when NDVI_u started to decline significantly for Central China and East China was 1987 and 1990, respectively, while NDVI_u in West China remained relatively constant until 1998. NDVI_u changes in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, two regions which has been undergoing the most rapid urbanization in China, also show different characteristics. The Pearl River Delta experienced a rapid decline in NDVI_u from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s; while in the Yangtze River Delta, NDVI_u did not decline significantly until the early 1990s. Such different patterns of NDVI_u changes are closely linked with policy-oriented difference in urbanization dynamics of these regions, which highlights the importance of implementing a sustainable urban development policy.     

应用遥感技术监测和评价太湖水质状况

利用遥感信息和有限的实地监测数据建立了太湖水质参数预测模型 ,该方法可以用于太湖水质污染的预测、分析和评价 ,能够较好地反映水质的空间分布特征 ,尤其适合于大范围水域的快速监测 .研究结果表明 ,利用单波段、多波段因子组合以及主成分分析等手段可以使遥感信息得到更充分的利用 ,从而使预测结果更加精确 .预测结果显示 ,太湖流域已经呈现了严重的富营养化趋势 ,且空间分布不均衡 .东太湖以及靠近无锡和苏州的湖体附近相对污染更为严重 .