ECD氧气诱导法分析大气中痕量HCFC-22

HCFC-22(CHClF₂)是CFC-12的主要替代物,它在大气中的体积分数仅为10^-12级.而且对ECD检测器响应灵敏度很低.本文经过低温浓缩进样后采用氧气诱导法来增强ECD对它的分析灵敏度,载气中氧气的体积分数为0.54%时,信噪比最大,此时ECD灵敏度增强约500倍.结合该条件下ECD温度选择、程序升温和载气流量的研究,建立了高灵敏度ECD气相色谱测定大气中HCFC-22浓度的实用分析方法.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

电化学催化降解苯胺的试验研究

用新兴的电化学催化系统,以采用特殊工艺自制的DSA类电极为阳极,对自配的苯胺溶液进行了降解处理,并得出了本试验范围内的最佳条件。     

Metallakkumulation in Moosen: Standörtliche und regionale Randbedingungen des Biomonitoring von Luftverunreinigungen

Goal and Scope

Several studies show that the concentration of metals in mosses depends not only on metal deposition but also on factors such as moss species, canopy drip, precipitation, altitude, distance to the sea and the analytical technique used. However, contrasting results have been reported and the interpretation of the spatial variability of the metal accumulation in mosses remains difficult. In the presented study existing monitoring data from the European Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys together with surface data on precipitation, elevation and land use are statistically analysed to assess factors other than emissions that have an influence on the metal accumulation in the mosses.

Main Features

Inference statistics and Spearman correlation analysis were applied to examine the association of the metal accumulation and the distance of the monitoring sites to the sea as well as the altitude. Whether or not significant differences of the metal loads in the mosses exist at national borders was examined with help of the U-test after Mann and Whitney. In order to identify and rank the factors that are assumed to have an influence on the metal uptake of the mosses Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were applied.

Results

No clear tendency could be derived from the results of the inference statistical calculations and the correlation analyses with regard to the distance of the monitoring site to the sea and the altitude. According to the results of the CART-analyses mainly the moss species, potential emission sources around the monitoring sites, canopy drip and precipitation have an effect on the metal bioaccumulation. Assuming that each participating country followed strictly the manual for sampling and sample preparation the results of the inference statistical calculations furthermore suggest that in most cases different techniques for digestion and analysis bias the measurements significantly.

Discussion

For the first time a national monitoring data base consisting of measurement data and metadata as well as surface information on precipitation, land use and elevation was applied to examine influence factors on the metal bioaccumulation in mosses. The respective results mirror existing knowledge from other national studies to a large extend, although further analyses are necessary to affirm the findings. These analyses should include data from other national monitoring programmes and should additionally be carried out with other decision tree algorithms than CART.

Conclusions

The local variability in the metal concentration in mosses can be uncovered in terms of predictors or underlying hidden causes by using CART. Ideally, such an approach should be applied across the whole of Europe. This will only be feasible if all participating countries provide additional information about site characteristics as currently is done in for example the German moss surveys.

Recommendations

The UNECE Metals in Mosses Survey experimental protocol should be improved in order to reduce the observed influences, to enhance standardisation, and to strengthen the quality control. This implies the integration of sampling site describing metadata into the assessment. Furthermore, basis research is needed to test the hypothesis concerning moss species-specific accumulation of depositions.

Perspectives

Provided that the presented results hold true in further analyses correction factors should be applied on the moss data in order to get the depicted spatial patterns and temporal trends of metal bioaccumulation unbiased. Such factors should be calculated for natural landscape units or ecoregions that are homogeneous with regard to climate, vegetation and altitude.     

黄土高原地区水资源承载力动态变化及灰色拓扑预测——以山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃四省为例

研究水资源承载力对促进区域水资源的合理开发和保证经济可持续发展具有十分重要的作用.文章采用模糊综合评价方法,以水资源利用率、降水量、人均占有水量和生态用水量作为评价因素,首次对黄土高原水资源承载力进行了大尺度综合评价,并建立灰色拓扑预测模型对其动态变化进行预测,在此基础上提出了黄土高原水资源可持续利用对策.结果表明:黄土高原四省水资源承载力在1994-2004年间总体上呈缓慢上升趋势,水资源开发潜力呈微弱增大趋势;但值得注意的是,黄土高原水资源开发已有一定规模,其水环境仍十分脆弱,需要进一步作好节水和水资源的保护工作.     

城市大气中NOx和CO对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响研究

研究了城市主要大气污染物NOx和CO对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响.电池恒流放电下的电压-时间曲线、极化曲线显示,体积分数为1×10-4左右的NOx对单电池性能造成严重的影响,但这种影响是可逆的.与此不同的是,往阴极通入7.9×10-5至1.56×10-3三种不同体积分数的CO65 h后,电池性能没有明显的下降.气相色谱和质谱数据表明,Pt能快速将空气中的CO氧化成CO2.     

接触氧化-人工湿地去除印染废水中的COD

采用絮凝沉淀+接触氧化+人工湿地工艺处理印染废水中COD研究。结果表明,斜板沉淀池出水COD平均值为1322mg/L,此间COD去除率为38·6%;二沉池出水COD平均值为71mg/L,此段COD去除率达94·6%;人工湿地出水COD平均值为37mg/L,人工湿地COD去除率为48·0%。处理设施COD总去除率98·3%。     

Capacity of transportation and spread of COVID-19—an ironical fact for developed countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The widespread epidemic of the COVID-19 in developed countries such as Europe and the USA has sparked many speculations. What factors caused the rapid...