清河流域水环境质量监测与评价研究

近年来,随着全球各地城市化和工业化进程的不断加快,以及人类对河流水生态系统资源的不合理、掠夺式利用,河流水生态系统遭到严重破坏,各地河流相继出现水质恶化、水文条件改变、物种多样性退化、生境条件恶劣等诸多问题。文章对辽河主要支流清河水生态系统的水质状况进行了研究,并于2012年6月,对清河流域22个监测断面水质状况进行了实地调查,对其水质状况进行了评价,结果表明:22个监测断面中,达到Ⅲ类水质断面的有8个,Ⅳ类7个,Ⅴ类1个,劣Ⅴ类6个。其中6个劣Ⅴ类断面分别因氟化物、氨氮、总磷浓度超标而为劣Ⅴ类。     

渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术调查与分析研究

根据渭河流域关中段的污染状况及《(渭河流域水污染防治三年行动方案(2012-2014年)》对科技攻关的实际需求,采用资料搜集、实地调查、问卷发放、数理统计等方式对渭河流域关中段55座城镇污水处理厂的污泥处理情况进行了调查与分析。根据调查分析结果,提出了渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术在应用过程中存在的一些问题,并结合该流域实际情况提出了相应建议,期望能够对该流域污泥处理技术的良性发展提供"第一手"的参考资料。     

橡胶制品工业环境影响评价重点问题研究

建设项目环境影响报告编制过程中常因未注意到某些关键问题的论述,而使环境影响报告缺乏科学性和可靠性,导致环境影响评价结论依据不足.为使建设项目从环境保护角度分析更具有可行性,以某橡胶制品项目为例,总结了橡胶制品工业项目环境影响评价文件中需注意的几个要点问题,为环境保护主管部门审批环境影响评价文件提供必要的依据,为此类项目更好地开展环境保护工作提供指导.     

北京市污水资源化利用现状及其对策分析研究

北京是水资源严重匮乏的城市,水资源短缺已经成为制约北京经济社会可持续发展进程的重要因素.污水资源化将城市污水进行加工处理,转化为达标的、可供人们二次利用的合格水资源,既能增加水源,又能减少水环境污染,是解决北京目前水资源紧缺问题的最为有效的途径.文章梳理了近年来北京市污水资源化利用的发展现状,指出了北京市污水资源化利用所面临的困境,并提出了加快北京市污水资源化利用的对策.     

民国时期川东北灾荒严重的社会因素

民国时期川东北地区的干旱、洪水、滑坡、泥石流等灾害频发,范围广,灾情较严重,危害大。除自然因素外,各种社会因素对灾荒的严重程度也有直接影响。在军阀混战、赋税繁重、政治腐败、土匪横行的大背景下,政府防灾、救灾水平较为低下,民间赈灾杯水车薪,灾后恢复难度大。整体上防灾、救灾水平较低,人祸不亚于天灾。     

Differential timing and latitudinal variation in sex ratio of Aquatic Warblers during the autumn migration

Differential migration has been extensively reported in spring, but less so in autumn, particularly in relation to sex in monomorphic bird species. Here, we analysed the autumn passage of a monomorphic, globally threatened passerine, the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola throughout Western Europe, with regard to age and sex. We showed that, overall, adults migrated earlier than first-year birds, and males migrated earlier than females during the autumn migration. This may be caused by an overall social dominance of adults over immatures, and differentiated migration strategy of males and females. In addition, we found male-skewed sex proportions, with a tendency to an equalised ratio in more southern stopover sites. This may indicate a male bias in the global population or different migration strategies of the sexes. Differential migration may cause the age and sex classes to be exposed differently to various threats affecting demographic structure of the species.     

Preparation of a porous clay heterostructure and study of its adsorption capacity of phenol and chlorinated phenols from aqueous solutions.

A porous clay heterostructure (PCH) from a Mexican clay was prepared and characterized, and its aqueous phenol and dichlorophenols (DCPs) adsorption capacities were studied using a batch equilibrium technique. The PCH displayed a surface area of 305.5 m2/g, 37.2 A average porous diameter, and a basal space of 23.2 A. The adsorption capacity shown by the PCH for both phenol and DCPs from water (14.5 mg/g for phenol; 48.7 mg/g for 3,4-DCP; and 45.5 mg/g for 2,5-DCP) suggests that the PCH has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, as a result of the presence of silanol and siloxane groups formed during the pillaring and calcination of the PCH. The values of maximal adsorption capacity for dichlorophenols were higher than those reported for aluminum pillared clays and some inorgano-organo clays and comparable with some ionic exchange resins.     

电除尘器气流分布试验研究和数值计算

结合660 WM机组电除尘器的设计要求,对电除尘器内气流流动进行了数值模拟与试验研究.计算中选择SIMPLE方法求解三维雷诺平均方程和κ-ε两方程湍流模型.研究结果表明,无论电除尘器两室流量分配还是第一电场进口断面气流分布,计算结果与试验吻合较好,数值计算结果可以指导电除尘器设计与模型试验研究.     

The study of distribution and fate of nitrobenzene in a water/sediment microcosm

In November 2005, an explosion occurred at a petrochemical plant of the Jilin Petrochemical Corporation in Jilin Province, China. A nearby water body was seriously polluted with a large spill of toxic substances made up of a mixture of benzene, aniline, and nitrobenzene (NB). To understand the long term impact of NB on public health and ecosystem around the Songhua River, it was necessary to investigate its fate in the environment. In this study, a microcosm was used to mimic the polluted water system and to study the transport and fate of NB in the river water body. The volatility and biodegradation of NB was investigated and a Markov model was applied to predict the fate of NB in the environment. The simulated results matched very well with the results obtained from the microcosm experiment. The model indicated that at room temperature and after around 500 h, there was only residual NB in the water and sediment. Most of the NB (around 82%) evaporated into the air and 18% was degraded by microorganisms.     

Characteristics of real-world vehicular emissions in Chinese cities

On-board emission measurements were performed on 49 light-duty gasoline vehicles in seven cities of China. Vehicle-specific power mode distribution and emission characteristics were analyzed based on the data collected. The results of our study show that there were significant differences in different types of roads. The emission factors and fuel consumption rates on arterial roads and residential roads were approximately 1.4-2 times those on freeways. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides emission factors of Euro II vehicles were on average 86.2, 88.2, and 64.5% lower than those of carburetor vehicles, respectively. The new vehicle emission standards implemented in China had played an important role in reducing individual vehicle emissions. More comprehensive measures need to be considered to reduce the total amount of emissions from vehicles.