污水中易生物降解有机物的测定方法及研究进展

污水中的易生物降解有机物（SS）对生物脱氮除磷过程具有重要意义,也是活性污泥模型中的关键组分。介绍了污水中SS的测定方法,其中好氧呼吸计量法（包括连续OUR法和批式OUR法）和物料平衡法最为常用,而对比发现批式OUR法的测定结果最接近真实值。对文献数据统计表明,城市污水的SS浓度通常为20mg/L-40 mg/L,而工业废水中SS浓度受行业影响很大,SS/COD的波动范围为0.6%-44.0%。     

区域可持续发展评价工作的经常化问题

讨论了区域可持发展评价的经常化问题，提出了一张通用的指导性评价指标清单及其使用方法。经过实例模拟验算，认为基本可行，建议让区域可持续发展评价工作成为政府的定期行为 。     

Dynamics of microcystins-LR and -RR in the phytoplanktivorous silver carp in a sub-chronic toxicity experiment

A sub-chronic toxicity experiment was conducted to examine tissue distribution and depuration of two microcystins (microcystin-LR and microcystin -RR) in the phytoplanktivorous filter-feeding silver carp during a course of 80 days. Two large tanks (A, B) were used, and in Tank A, the fish were fed naturally with fresh Microcystis viridis cells (collected from a eutrophic pond) throughout the experiment, while in Tank B, the food of the fish were M. viridis cells for the first 40 days and then changed to artificial carp feed. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure MC-LR and MC-RR in the M. viridis cells, the seston, and the intestine, blood, liver and muscle tissue of silver carp at an interval of 20 days. MC-RR and MC-LR in the collected Microcystis cells varied between 268-580 and 110-292 microg g(-1) DW, respectively. In Tank A, MC-RR and MC-LR varied between 41.5-99.5 and 6.9-15.8 microg g(-1) DW in the seston, respectively. The maximum MC-RR in the blood, liver and muscle of the fish was 49.7, 17.8 and 1.77 microg g(-1) DW, respectively. No MC-LR was detectable in the muscle and blood samples of the silver carp in spite of the abundant presence of this toxin in the intestines (for the liver, there was only one case when a relatively minor quantity was detected). These findings contrast with previous experimental results on rainbow trout. Perhaps silver carp has a mechanism to degrade MC-LR actively and to inhibit MC-LR transportation across the intestines. The depuration of MC-RR concentrations occurred slowly than uptakes in blood, liver and muscle, and the depuration rate was in the order of blood>liver>muscle. The grazing ability of silver carp on toxic cyanobacteria suggests an applicability of using phytoplanktivorous fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters.     

西沙赵述岛和北岛海鸟遗迹14C年代模型及意义

对采自西沙赵述岛和北岛的沉积剖面ZS2、BD1进行分析,两个剖面具有十分相似的物源组成和岩性变化。通过测定剖面中海鸟残体的~(14)C年龄,运用传统方法以及Clam和Bacon程序建立了ZS2和BD1沉积剖面的年龄-深度模型。对比年龄-深度模型发现,Bacon程序运用MCMC作为迭代算法,排除异常数据影响,拟合得到的曲线单调相比较于Clam年龄模型显得更为合理。所建立的年代学模型为后期的气候环境演变研究提供了基础。根据Bacon程序所构建的年龄-深度模型结果,我们发现近千年来ZS2和BD1剖面处的平均沉积速率分别为0.86 mm?a~(-1)和1.26 mm?a~(-1)。采样点的沉积速率在一定程度上代表了岛屿的垂向生长速率,均低于当前海平面的平均上升速率。同时,鸟骨的~(14)C年龄也揭示了赵述岛海鸟活动时间应不晚于AD 1172—1290,而海鸟开始在北岛活动的时间则不晚于AD 984—1140。     

苯硫基,苯亚砜基和苯砜基乙酸酯的水解作用及邻基参与效应

本文在不同的pH和温度条件下测定了一批苯硫基,苯亚砜基和苯砜基乙酸酯的水解数据。获得了lgk对pH和温度的二元回归方程,发现了苯硫基乙酸酯水解中的邻基参与效应,并得出了邻基加速因子A与pH的关系。     

饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

Dynamic Modeling of the Ratio Volatile Fatty Acids/Bicarbonate Alkalinity in a UASB Reactor for Potato Processing Wastewater Treatment

In this work, dynamic mathematical model for the prediction of the operational parameter volatile fatty acids/bicarbonate alkalinity (VFA/ALK) in a UASB reactor was developed. The dynamic modeling technique was applied successfully to a two-year data record from an industrial wastewater treatment plant of a potato processing industry. The technique used included regression analysis by residuals. Seventeen parameters were examined including the following: wastewater's flow rate, reactor's temperature and pH, total and soluble influent COD, wastewater's temperature and pH, total and soluble effluent COD, volatile fatty acids, alkalinity, biogas production rate and each parameter with a time lag of up to 10 days. Finally, after all parameters and all time lag trials the best fitted model was developed. The model's adequacy was checked by χ² test for a data record of the same UASB reactor but at a different time period and proved to be satisfactory. Additionally, the model's ability to predict and to control the plant's operation via VFA/ALK was examined. Through this model, in contrary to steady state models, various aspects of the process can be enlighten, such as the fact that the hydrolysis of starch requires at least a resident time of seven days.     

轻型汽油车尾气PM2.5的排放特征

为研究轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5的排放特征,利用整车测试台架和颗粒物稀释采样系统,对12辆轻型汽油车尾气的PM_2.5进行了采集,并进一步分析了PM_2.5排放因子及其碳质组分——OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)的排放特征;在此基础上,参考文献研究结果,计算了我国轻型汽油车分阶段PM_2.5排放因子,结合活动水平数据估算轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量.结果表明:测试的国Ⅰ前~国Ⅳ轻型汽油车PM_2.5平均排放因子分别为(73.2±3.8)(50.5±45.4)(34.7±18.4)(22.6±10.3)和(1.0±0.2)mg/km,随排放阶段升级而显著降低.OC是轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5中的主要碳质组分,在TC(总碳)中所占比例超过90%. 2012年我国轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量为21 828.7 t,占机动车颗粒物排放总量的3.5%,其中仅占轻型汽油车保有量17%的国Ⅰ及以前车辆排放了约43%的PM_2.5. 研究显示,轻型汽油车尤其是国Ⅰ及国Ⅰ前车辆颗粒物排放不容忽视,在机动车颗粒物减排工作中应给予足够重视.      

洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势

为评价洞庭湖重金属污染程度,分析了洞庭湖湖区9个采样点表层水及底泥中Hg、Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Cu的浓度水平,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对底泥中的重金属污染现状进行评价. 结果表明,洞庭湖表层水中重金属质量浓度远低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》一级标准限值,底泥中w(Hg)、w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)和w(Cu)均高于背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的5.0、3.1、22.7、2.2、2.5和1.9倍. 洞庭湖表层水中ρ(As)与底泥中w(As)呈显著正相关. 近30年来,洞庭湖底泥中除w(Hg)下降外,其他重金属质量分数均有所上升. 地积累指数法评价结果表明,洞庭湖底泥中不同种类的重金属I_geo(地累积指数)表现为Cd＞Hg＞Cr＞As＞Pb＞Cu,Cd和Hg的I_geo分别为3.92和1.73;不同区域的重金属I_tot(综合地积累指数)呈虞公庙>横岭湖>洞庭湖出口>东洞庭湖>蒋家嘴>鹿角>万子湖>南嘴>小河嘴的分布特征,虞公庙和横岭湖的I_tot均大于10.0.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,各污染物对洞庭湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度为Cd＞As＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Pb,整个洞庭湖区的RI(潜在生态风险指数)为99.0~696.7,平均值为281.8,属于中等潜在生态危害,其中南洞庭湖的虞公庙和万子湖的RI分别为696.7和565.9,已成为潜在生态风险区域.      

Proximate composition of household waste and applicability of waste management technologies by source separation in Hanoi,Vietnam

The organic fraction of municipal solid wastes in Southeast Asia, which has a high moisture content, accounts for a large proportion of total waste. Local governments need to pay adequate attention to the composition of wastes to determine alternative waste management technologies. This study proposed the use of a triangle diagram to describe changes in proximate composition and rates of successful source separation of municipal solid waste and to identify technical challenges about alternative waste management technologies such as incineration, composting, and refuse-derived fuel production based on physical and proximate composition analysis of household waste sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, as a case study. The analysis indicated the effectiveness of different types of source separation as well as different levels of successful achievement of source separation as an adjustment mechanism for the proximate composition of waste. Proper categorization of wastes for source separation is necessary for the appropriate use of alternative waste management technologies. The results showed that, at a source separation rate of just greater than 0.52 in a three-way separation scheme, the waste separated as combustible waste would be suitable for incineration with energy recovery. Based on well-designed schemes of source separation, alternative waste management technologies can be applied.