Abfallwirtschaftskonzept im Rahmen eines Integrierten Umweltmanagementsystems

Economic regulations on recycling and respective waste disposal legislation will increasingly demand the realization of new waste management concepts. They do not stem from a ministerial goal in itself, but instead offen the enterprizes a chance to develop their own waste disposal strategies with a goal toward the future. In the course of an Intra-company analysis, this waste disposal concept must take the operative organization, the relevant processes and manufacturing techniques, the accumulation of waste in the cost centers as well as the waste disposal and utilization into consideration. Fundamental principles include the environmental regulations applicable to the enterprize in the form of both federal decress and injunctions. An environmental examination report demonstrates the methodical possiblities for stock-taking and makes it possible to identify the measures necessary for improving the operational waste disposal situation. The mandatory data acquisition and a feasible waste monitoring network can be used in the course of environmental management system for making an expert opinion by an independent, reputable environmental verifier.     

沸石强化生物脱氮工艺研究

在传统A／O或SBR工艺的基础上投加沸石粉进行强化生物脱氮，吸附饱和的沸石粉利用微生物进行再生，形成了沸石强化生物脱氟工艺。实验结果表明，沸石粉可在生物池中累积达到一定的平衡浓度；在常温下沸石粉对过量氨氮选择吸附的优势无法发挥，但在低温时可以保证处理出水中氨氮浓度达标；不同投加方式影响工艺处理效果，在低温情况下，“集中投加”的启动方式优于“逐步投加”的运行方式。     

沸石吸附去除城市污水厂初沉池出水中氨氮的研究

直接向城市污水初沉池出水中投加沸石 ,利用沸石对氨氮的选择性交换去除其中的氨氮 ,并辅以实验室配制液作为对比。研究结果表明 :( 1)沸石对初沉池出水中的氨氮具有很强的选择性 ;( 2 )与实验室配制液相比 ,在城市污水初沉池出水中沸石的交换容量受其他离子和有机物的影响而有所下降 ,但下降并不明显 ;( 3 )沸石对初沉池出水中的COD也有一定的去除效果     

厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水技术

本文对厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水技术进行了小试研究 (反应器体积 6 2L)和中试研究 (反应器体积 2 2m3 )以及生产性应用 (反应器体积 6 0 0m3 ) ,试验研究与生产性应用表明 ,厌氧复合床具有反应液传质和分离效果好、生物量大和生物种类多、处理效率高和运行稳定性强的特征 ,是实用高效的厌氧生物反应器。     

生物表面活性剂及其在环境修复中的研究进展

生物表面活性剂是由微生物分泌的天然产物，由于其物理性质和化学结构与许多人工合成的表面活性剂相似，并且对土壤、淡水、海洋等生态系统毒性较低，因而在环境污染治理方面，特别是在重金属和石油等有机溶剂污染的原位和异位生物修复方面具有极大的应用潜力。主要综述了近年国内外生物表面活性剂在廉价制备、作用机理、环境修复中的研究进展。     

Extraction,chemical compositions,and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of Thevetia peruviana

Abstract

In this study, The essential oil of flowers, fruits, and leaves of Thevetia peruviana, which were collected in Vietnam, were being reported for the first time. The essential oil of flowers was extracted by different methods: n-hexane extraction, distillation water, and supercritical CO₂ extraction. The compositions of essential oil of different parts of Thevetia peruviana were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS systems. Major chemical compositions of essential oil were identified as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, and sterol. The activities of total essential oil extracts of the Thevetia peruviana exhibit inhibitory activities against five cancer cell lines.     

基于GIS的洱海农村生活污水及其TN产排强度空间分析及控制对策

农村生活污水是造成洱海富营养的重要污染源,对其进行定量定点分析是开展农村生活污水治理的前提.本文利用GIS软件,基于普查数据,综合源强估算法和清单分析法,从水文、地貌和行政区划3个角度,对洱海流域农村生活污水及其TN产排强度进行定量估算和空间分析.在此基础上,利用加权指数法和因子分析法对流域进行管理分区,并提出相应的控制对策.结果表明,2012年,洱海流域农村生活污水平均产、排强度分别为2572.03 t·km-2·a-1和1919.34 t·km-2·a-1,农村生活污水中TN平均产、排强度分别为1002.23 t·km-2·a-1和747.90t·km-2·a-1;各小流域农村生活污水和TN产生强度大小均为:苍山十八溪流域波罗江流域东部山溪流域西洱河流域北三江流域,各小流域两者排放强度大小均为:苍山十八溪流域波罗江流域西洱河流域东部山溪流域北三江流域,苍山十八溪流域和波罗江流域是主要源区;3类地貌区农村生活污水和TN产排强度大小依次为:湖滨缓冲区平坝区山区,湖滨缓冲区对农村生活污水及其TN产排贡献最大;17个乡镇农村生活污水及TN产生强度由大到小为:经济开发区大理镇银桥镇湾桥镇喜洲镇上关镇邓川镇右所镇挖色镇下关镇凤羽镇海东镇凤仪镇茈碧湖镇三营镇牛街乡双廊镇,各乡镇两者排放强度依次为:经济开发区湾桥镇银桥镇大理镇邓川镇喜洲镇右所镇挖色镇上关镇下关镇三营镇海东镇凤仪镇茈碧湖镇凤羽镇牛街乡双廊镇,经济开发区是产排强度最重的区域.综合上述3个方面的分析结果,结合区域的功能定位,对洱海流域农村生活污水提出了"二级控制区3种模式"的控制对策.     

Kinetics of the reactions of soot surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the OH radicals

The kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction of OH radicals with 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in laboratory generated simulated kerosene combustion soot was studied at T = 290 K in a low pressure discharge-flow reactor combined with an electron-impact mass spectrometer. The kinetics of soot-bound PAH consumption in reaction with OH were monitored using off-line HPLC measurements of their concentrations in soot samples as a function of time of exposure to OH. Concentration of OH radicals in the gas phase was measured by mass spectrometry. The first-order rate constants measured for the individual PAH at T = 290 K ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 s^?1 and were found to be independent of the OH concentration ([OH] = (0.34–2.5) × 10¹² molecule cm^?3) and of the molecular structure of the PAH. In addition, the uptake coefficient of OH on soot surface and the diffusion coefficient of OH in He were measured to be 0.19 ± 0.03 (calculated with geometric surface area) and (615 ± 80) Torr cm² s^?1, respectively. Comparison of the results on the PAH + OH reaction to those from previous studies carried out on different carbonaceous substrates, indicates probable dependence of the heterogeneous reactivity of PAH toward OH on the substrate nature. Rapid reaction with OH can be an important potential pathway of the atmospheric degradation of non-volatile PAH present mainly in the particulate phase in the atmosphere.     

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biota from the Pearl River Estuary, South China

Two hundred and fifty-four biota samples (four species of invertebrates and ten species of fish) were collected from the Pearl River Estuary between 2005 and 2007 and one hundred and twenty four individual or composite samples were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations of PBDEs in organisms varied from 6.2 to 208 ng/g lipid weight. This PBDE level was significantly lower than those collected in 2004, showing a decreasing trend of PBDEs in biota in the study area. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for nine BDE congeners were calculated with values ranging from 0.78 to 3.0. TMFs of BDE47, 66, 100, 99, 154, and 153 were statistically greater than one, indicating a biomagnifcation potential for these congeners. Significant positive correlations were also found between concentrations of the total PBDEs, BDE28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, and153 and lipid content in biota, indicating the that bioconcentration also played an important role in the accumulation of PBDEs. No correlation between trophic level and lipid content was found, suggesting that biomagnification was not the result of lipid content effect but indeed occurred. The concentration ratios of BDE99 to BDE100 were much lower in biota than that in water implying that potential congener-specific biotransformation of PBDEs occurred and influenced the biomagnification of BDE congeners.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in free-range domestic fowl from an e-waste recycling site in South China: levels, profile and human dietary exposure

To evaluate the status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination in poultry and sequentially human exposure through consumption of poultry in an e-waste recycling site in South China, two kinds of free-range domestic birds, chicken and duck, were collected and their muscle and liver tissues were analyzed for 16 PBDE congeners. Chicken shows higher PBDE concentrations (summation of 16 PBDE congeners) in both muscle and liver tissues, ranged from 5.7 to 4381 and from 1.5 to 7897 ng/g (lipid weight, the same hereinafter), respectively, compared to duck, ranged from 2.4 to 51 and from 1.9 to 134 ng/g. Different living habitat and feeding habits between the two species might be responsible for this observation. No sex-related differences in PBDE concentrations were found for the two species, while the PBDE concentrations in muscle were higher than those in liver for chicken. The PBDE concentrations in muscle of chicken in the present study were higher than the levels of PBDEs in chicken from other studies reported by far. BDE209 and nona-BDEs were the major congeners in poultry. Comparison of PBDE profiles between birds and environmental matrix implied that the biodebromination of BDE209 might occur in poultry. The intake of PBDEs through consumption of poultry ranges from 7.8 ng/day to 3582 ng/day with a medial 68 ng/day, which is comparable to the calculated values through consumption of all foodstuffs in other studies. The present study suggested that the total dietary PBDEs intake for local residents might be considerably enhanced due to the e-waste recycling activity.