哈尔滨新区不同下垫面悬浮大气微塑料污染特征及潜在生态风险评估

悬浮大气微塑料（Suspended atmospheric microplastics,SAMPs）已被确定为水、土壤等环境单元的重要污染来源之一,并构成一定的潜在生态风险.为了解SAMPs在不同环境中的差异,本研究以哈尔滨新区为研究区,使用便携式大气颗粒物采样器（Airmetrics,USA）对该区域6种不同下垫面的空气进行采集,经过立体显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱仪（VERTEX 80）分析后,证实SAMPs广泛存在并得出关于SAMPs丰度分布、类型、粒径、颜色和化学组成成分的数据信息.结果显示,碎片状SAMPs是耕地的优势类型,其他下垫面的优势类型为纤维状SAMPs;不同下垫面SAMPs的粒径组成结构相似,尺寸为1～35μm的SAMPs占总数的80.71%,其中,林地、草地和水域的小粒径SAMPs占比大于其他下垫面,并且未发现粒径大于100μm的SAMPs;透明微塑料是各下垫面SAMPs的主要颜色类型,其中,建设用地和水域SAMPs中彩色微塑料偏多,这与人类活动有直接关系;各下垫面SAMPs的聚合物组成包括聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（P...     

A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China

Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6-1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10-339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812 ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic condition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess petrogenic, combustion and naturally derived PAHs of the sediment samples of the Pearl River Delta. In addition, the concentrations of a number of organic compounds of the Pearl River Delta samples indicate that sediments of the Zhujiang river and Macao harbor are most likely to pose biological impairment.     

热湿舒适性运动面料研究概况

影响运动服装综合舒适性的因素很多,其中,热湿舒适性是评价运动服装舒适性的一项重要指标,它直接影响到人们的健康情况以及运动员在运动项目中的能力发挥情况,成为运动服装面料开发过程中不可忽视的重要环节。本文介绍了运动面料的热湿传递机理,通过分析影响运动服装热湿舒适性的重要因素来探讨运动服装面料的研究现状,并详细介绍了目前已经开发或即将开发的具备热湿舒适性的运动服装面料的种类。     

滨海滩涂不同围垦年代垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与氮、磷的关系

为探明滨海滩涂围垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与围垦年代、作物氮磷含量及化学计量比的关系,采集盐城地区不同围垦年代(围垦20、30、40、60年)农田4种主要作物(大麦、小麦、油菜、蚕豆)样品63个,测定了其根、茎叶和籽粒中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As及全氮(N)、全磷(P)和粗蛋白(CP)含量,分析了重金属累积特征及与围垦年代、N、P、CP及N/P比的关系,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属污染程度和安全水平进行了评价。结果表明,1)围垦农田作物整株各指标含量分别为Cd (0.52±0.94)、Cu (12.98±16.00)、Zn (34.93±27.91)、Pb (3.50±5.88)、Hg (0.0063±0.0063)、As (1.94±3.72) mg·kg~(-1)及N(13.69±8.27)、P (5.98±2.24)、CP (79.55±49.54) g·kg~(-1);籽粒中则分别为(0.0059±0.020)、(1.83±1.48)、(11.13±4.45)、(0.09±0.30)、(0.0023±0.0036)、(0.0021±0.0048) mg·kg~(-1)及(19.21±7.68)、(6.04±1.64)、(111.78±47.81) g·kg~(-1); 2)作物重金属均表现为根茎叶籽粒,N和CP与之相反,表现为根茎叶籽粒,而P则表现为根籽粒茎叶; 3)不同围垦年代之间作物重金属、N、P、CP含量、N/P比及综合污染指数(Pz)均没有显著差异(P0.05); 4)各作物籽粒6种重金属单因子污染指数均值均小于1,除个别样品Pb超标(超标率11%)外,其他重金属均未超标; 5)作物籽粒重金属Pz均值为0.38,表明该地区作物重金属总体处于安全级,但大麦、小麦、油菜籽粒均有样品Pb含量超过警戒线,个别样品甚至达到重度污染水平; 6)作物整株各重金属之间、重金属与P之间均存在显著正相关(P0.01),而重金属与N、CP、N/P存在显著负相关(P0.01),在籽粒中则相关性均不显著(P0.05)。以上结果显示,盐城滨海滩涂围垦区作物重金属累积与围垦时间关系不大,其含量目前尚处于可接受范围内,但Pb污染值得关注,作物重金属与P之间存在一定的相互促进作用,而与N存在一定的拮抗作用,高氮低磷的机体养分状况有助于降低重金属含量。     

集成内循环烟气流化床脱硫塔内流动特性

针对脱硫塔内烟气的偏流问题,提出了直导流板加旋流结构的措施,应用CFD软件包FLUENT平台对导流板的尺寸、位置、数量进行了优化,得到了烟气入口调节的优化方案。通过工业流场试验对数值计算结果进行了验证,结果表明:采用烟气调节措施后,流场均匀性得到明显的提高。计算和工业试验数据一致,表明采用合适的计算模型,数值计算能取得良好的模拟结果。     

Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary,UK

The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 μg/kg and the average concentration was 287 μg/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 μg/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.     

某事故煤气管道弯头断裂原因分析

结合实际事故及发生环境,采用模拟试验及计算推断出煤气管道弯头断裂的原因,结果表明,后建阳台、组装应力和汽车荷载不是均导致弯头断裂的主要因素,弯头断裂是拉应力所致,属于外界腐蚀环境和管道内压共同作用的应力腐蚀断裂破坏.因此,煤气管道在施工过程中应密切关注土层环境对管道的腐蚀作用,作好防腐处理.