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101.
Callaghan TV Tweedie CE Akerman J Andrews C Bergstedt J Butler MG Christensen TR Cooley D Dahlberg U Danby RK Daniëls FJ de Molenaar JG Dick J Mortensen CE Ebert-May D Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Hedenås H Henry H R G Hik DS Hobbie JE Jantze EJ Jaspers C Johansson C Johansson M Johnson DR Johnstone JF Jonasson C Kennedy C Kenney AJ Keuper F Koh S Krebs CJ Lantuit H Lara MJ Lin D Lougheed VL Madsen J Matveyeva N Mcewen DC Myers-Smith IH Narozhniy YK Olsson H Pohjola VA Price LW Rigét F Rundqvist S 《Ambio》2011,40(6):705-716
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies. 相似文献
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103.
The possibility of finding new medicines from natural sources is one of the more commonly cited reasons for preserving biodiversity,
and employing indigenous knowledge of traditional healing remedies greatly increases the likelihood of discovering these hidden
medicinal compounds. The main difficulties in using natural products as a source for pharmaceutical lead compounds involve
separating the plethora of compounds from the original extract, as well as the gamble of time and money invested in an activity
that may not yield a novel compound. However, while these difficulties exist, the potential of natural products still far
outweighs the limitations of the simple structures and known modes of action of synthetic lead compounds. As such, the production
of novel medicines, particularly for cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments as well as the inhibition of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, now requires the utilization of natural products. This paper provides a review of the current
methods used in elucidating pharmaceutical lead compounds from natural sources, focusing on plant samples in particular. 相似文献
104.
Thiessen KM Sazykina TG Apostoaei AI Balonov MI Crawford J Domel R Fesenko SV Filistovic V Galeriu D Homma T Kanyár B Krajewski P Kryshev AI Kryshev II Nedveckaite T Ould-Dada Z Sanzharova NI Robinson C Sjöblom KL 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,84(2):225-244
Data collected for 10 years following the Chernobyl accident in 1986 have provided a unique opportunity to test the reliability of computer models for contamination of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The Iput River scenario was used by the Dose Reconstruction Working Group of the BIOMASS (Biosphere Modelling and Assessment Methods) programme. The test area was one of the most highly contaminated areas in Russia following the accident, with an average contamination density of 137Cs of 800,000 Bq m-2 and localized contamination up to 1,500,000 Bq m-2, and a variety of countermeasures that were implemented in the test area had to be considered in the modelling exercise. Difficulties encountered during the exercise included averaging of data to account for uneven contamination of the test area, simulating the downward migration and changes in bioavailability of 137Cs in soil, and modelling the effectiveness of countermeasures. The accuracy of model predictions is dependent at least in part on the experience and judgment of the participant in interpretation of input information, selection of parameter values, and treatment of uncertainties. 相似文献
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107.
Heavy metal distribution and controlling factors within coastal plain sediments, Bells Creek catchment, southeast Queensland, Australia 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Bells Creek catchment in southeast Queensland (Australia) is a non-industrialised coastal plain limited to small settlements and agricultural land. A study was initiated to examine elevated metal concentrations and to assess horizontal and vertical distribution of those elements. Ninety-nine samples were analysed for Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Fe, Mn and Al. Total organic carbon, sulfur content and mineralogy of samples along with land-use practices across the catchment were used to identify processes which influence metal distribution. A comparison between metal concentration within the study area and mean heavy metal content of standard sandstone showed that except for Mn, all other metals showed elevated levels throughout the catchment. When metal concentrations were compared to parent bedrock, however, it was concluded that elevated levels are likely to be natural. A normalisation procedure was applied to the data set and this analysis validated that elevated trace metal concentrations in most samples are not due to artificial contamination. While surficial estuarine sediments were only enriched in V, soils were dominantly enriched in Cr, Zn and V. Overall, geochemistry and mineralogy of the samples show the effect of both natural and anthropogenic inputs to the catchment, however, natural processes are more dominant than anthropogenic inputs in concentrating metals. 相似文献
108.
Sourcing sediment using multiple tracers in the catchment of Lake Argyle,Northwestern Australia 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Control of sedimentation in large reservoirs requires soil conservation at the catchment scale. In large, heterogeneous catchments,
soil conservation planning needs to be based on sound information, and set within the framework of a sediment budget to ensure
that all of the potentially significant sources and sinks are considered.
The major sources of sediment reaching the reservoir, Lake Argyle, in tropical northwestern Australia, have been determined
by combining measured sediment fluxes in rivers with spatial tracer-based estimates of proportional contributions from tributaries
of the main stream entering the lake, the Ord River. The spatial tracers used are mineral particle magnetics, the strontium
isotopic ratio, and the neodymium isotopic ratio. Fallout of 137Cs has been used to estimate the proportion of the sediment in Lake Argyle eroded from surface soils by sheet and rill erosion,
and, by difference, the proportion eroded from subsurface soils by gully and channel erosion. About 96% of the sediment in
the reservoir has come from less than 10% of the catchment, in the area of highly erodible soils formed on Cambrian-age sedimentary
rocks. About 80% of the sediment in the reservoir has come from gully and channel erosion. A major catchment revegetation
program, designed to slow sedimentation in the reservoir, appears to have had little effect because it did not target gullies,
the major source of sediment. Had knowledge of the sediment budget been available before the revegetation program was designed,
an entirely different approach would have been taken. 相似文献
109.
The link between teamwork and job satisfaction was investigated in a sample of 48 manufacturing companies comprising 4708 employees. Two separate research questions were addressed. First, it was proposed that supervisor support would be a weaker source of job satisfaction in companies with higher levels of teamworking. Multilevel analysis indicated that the extent of teamwork at the company level of analysis moderated the relationship between individual perceptions of supervisor support and job satisfaction. Second, it was proposed that the extent of teamwork would be positively related to perceptions of job autonomy but negatively related to perceptions of supervisor support. Further, it was proposed that the link between teamwork and job autonomy would be explained by job enrichment practices associated with teamwork. Analyses of aggregated company data supported these propositions and provided evidence for a complex mediational path between teamwork and job satisfaction. Implications for implementing teamwork in organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Mining with communities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marcello M. Veiga Malcolm Scoble and Mary Louise McAllister 《Natural resources forum》2001,25(3):191-202
To be considered as sustainable, a mining community needs to adhere to the principles of ecological sustainability, economic vitality and social equity. These principles apply over a long time span, covering both the life of the mine and post-mining closure. The legacy left by a mine to the community after its closure is emerging as a significant aspect of its planning. Progress towards sustainability is made when value is added to a community with respect to these principles by the mining operation during its life cycle. This article presents a series of cases to demonstrate the diverse potential challenges to achieving a sustainable mining community. These case studies of both new and old mining communities are drawn mainly from Canada and from locations abroad where Canadian companies are now building mines. The article concludes by considering various approaches that can foster sustainable mining communities and the role of community consultation and capacity building. 相似文献