Comparing forest fragmentation and its drivers in China and the USA with Globcover v2.2

Forest loss and fragmentation are of major concern to the international community, in large part because they impact so many important environmental processes. The main objective of this study was to assess the differences in forest fragmentation patterns and drivers between China and the conterminous United States (USA). Using the latest 300-m resolution global land cover product, Globcover v2.2, a comparative analysis of forest fragmentation patterns and drivers was made. The fragmentation patterns were characterized by using a forest fragmentation model built on the sliding window analysis technique in association with landscape indices. Results showed that China’s forests were substantially more fragmented than those of the USA. This was evidenced by a large difference in the amount of interior forest area share, with China having 48% interior forest versus the 66% for the USA. China’s forest fragmentation was primarily attributed to anthropogenic disturbances, driven particularly by agricultural expansion from an increasing and large population, as well as poor forest management practices. In contrast, USA forests were principally fragmented by natural land cover types. However, USA urban sprawl contributed more to forest fragmentation than in China. This is closely tied to the USA’s economy, lifestyle and institutional processes. Fragmentation maps were generated from this study, which provide valuable insights and implications regarding habitat planning for rare and endangered species. Such maps enable development of strategic plans for sustainable forest management by identifying areas with high amounts of human-induced fragmentation, which improve risk assessments and enable better targeting for protection and remediation efforts. Because forest fragmentation is a long-term, complex process that is highly related to political, institutional, economic and philosophical arenas, both nations need to take effective and comprehensive measures to mitigate the negative effects of forest loss and fragmentation on the existing forest ecosystems.     

臭氧氧化法处理印染废水

本实验通过印染废水处理装置的建立,研究了臭氧处理印染废水的消耗量与废水ＣＯＤ值变化、废水色度去除率的关系,,以及不同ｐＨ值的印染废水和臭氧处理时间的关系。实验结果表明：经过处理后废水的ＣＯＤ却除率为３３９％,色度去除率为９９９％。     

纳氏试剂光度法测定废水中氨氮的问题讨论

应用纳氏试剂比色法测定废水中的氨氮时,水样显色后稳定时间短,影响测定结果的准确性,针对这一问题进行了实验研究。实验中对主要影响因素Ｉ－和ＯＨ－的浓度变化进行了条件实验,结果表明选用所配的Ⅲ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．５ｇ）,可获得稳定的有色胶体,也可采用Ⅰ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．０ｇ）、在中和硼酸后再多加２ｍＬＮａＯＨ（１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,也可获得稳定的有色胶体。     

液化石油气罐区危险性的定量评价

液化石油气罐区的主要危险是贮罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故。运用数学模型对液化石油气贮罐的危险性进行定量化评价，估算其爆炸事故的严重程度、波及范围、影响程度等     

长江中下游中酸性侵入岩中的黑云母及其地质意义

本区中酸性侵入岩中的黑云母属镁铁系列。有铁叶云母、铁黑云母、铁质黑云母及镁质黑云母四种类型。Ⅰ型长江系列为镁质黑云母;江南系列为铁质黑云母。A型苏州式为铁叶云母和铁黑云母;大龙山式则为镁黑云母—金云母。黑云母的成分与其生成条件有关,在榍石—磁铁矿—石英—角闪石矿物组合中,黑云母含铁度高者(ΣFe/ΣFe+Mg>0.5)其氧逸度随温度上升而增高,形成温度低则压力高,岩体侵位深。含铁度低者(ΣFe/ΣFe十Mg<0.5)氧逸度随温度上升而降低,形成温度高则压力低,岩体侵位浅。各类云母均有自己的成矿专属性。     

沈阳市和平区环境空气质量现状及变化趋势

本文通过对和平区近几年环境空气监测数据的分析,评价了和平区“八·五”期间的环境空气质量状况及变化趋势。     

从“对立面”来考虑安全脆弱性

安全和治安防卫有很多的共同特征,分析和研究治安防卫达到最佳效果的方法同样可应用于安全和事故防范方面。虽然通常安全不必考虑蓄意的破坏活动,但可以应用治安的脆弱性评估技术来进行安全分析。笔者旨在从另一个角度来讨论安全分析的方法,换一个切入点来辨识安全的脆弱性:将治安防卫中的脆弱性评估方法应用于安全脆弱性分析中,以期达到转换思维模式的目的。为此,讨论了“对立面”分析的人员组成、考虑范围和对该方法的理解,并运用实例,说明从“对立面”来考虑安全脆弱性是可行的。     

含油污水乳化液微波分离实验研究

针对油气田乳化含油污水难分离的特点,利用微波技术进行的实验室研究结果表明,微波辐照温度与其后的静置时间都是影响其破乳率的重要因素,其分离效果随微波辐照后温度的增高而加强,而且在相同温度下乳液破乳率随静置时间加长而迅速增高。研究结果证实,微波辐射技术具有时间短、能耗少、效率高等特点,且经过微波处理后的含油污水易于进行油品回收再利用,有良好的应用前景。     

关于地铁轴流风机叶片发生断裂和出现裂纹的分析

叶片断裂和裂纹是旋转机械中普遍存在的一种安全隐患。对其发生规律进行分析是十分重要的。笔者针对地铁通风系统的某型号 18#轴流式风机发生断裂和出现裂纹的情况 ,采用Star—CD流体计算软件和ANSYS有限元软件计算了有、无软连接两种情况下的风机内流场和风机叶片的内应力。结果表明 ,软连接结构虽然对风机的内流场和叶片内应力有影响 ,但不足以对风机安全运行构成威胁。同时 ,分析了导致叶片断裂和出现裂纹的多种因素 ,并提出了避免类似现象发生的若干建议。     

从安全生产管理体制到安全生产运行机制

“企业负责 ,行业管理 ,国家监察 ,群众监督”的安全生产宏观管理体制的确定 ,对我国安全生产工作起到了积极的促进作用。但是 ,随着我国改革开放的不断深入和市场经济体制的建立 ,该管理体制的概念和内容已不能适应当前形势发展的需要。为此 ,笔者建议使用“安全生产运行机制”的概念代替“安全生产管理体制”的概念 ,并提出我国应该建立和完善“国家监督 ,部门负责 ,企业自律 ,职工维权 ,中介服务”的安全生产运行新机制。