广州市郊区农业土壤重金属含量特征

调查了广州市郊区(海珠区、天河区、黄埔区、芳村区、白云区)农业土壤重金属的含量,分析测定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg 8种重金属元素的全量和有效态含量.结果表明,广州郊区土壤中Hg和Cd的污染程度较大,Pb和Zn次之;Cd元素的有效性系数最高,Hg元素的有效性系数最低;广州5郊区中白云区土壤重金属元素的全量和有效态含量最低;8种重金属元素的有效态均与其全量呈正相关;污水灌溉、固体废物和农药的影响是广州市郊土壤重金属含量较高的主要原因.     

三峡库区新生消落区沉积物磷形态分析

通过分析三峡库区新生典型消落区上覆水及沉积物中磷的赋存形态,揭示消落区沉积物中磷的分布特征和释放规律. 结果表明,不同类型的新生消落区沉积物磷的分布特征与消落区类型、原有使用背景、临时性使用情况等因素有关. 消落区类型对消落区上覆水ρ(总磷)的影响较弱. 消落区沉积物w(活性磷)与淹没状态相关,由露出到淹没状态活性磷逐渐减少,沉积物中w(钙磷)和w(闭蓄态磷)相对较恒定. 受水陆交替非稳态环境因素的影响,水陆交替沉积物w(总磷)相对较低. 消落区沉积物与上覆水中磷的迁移、转化主要以活性磷的释放和沉积为主.      

金在热液中的地球化学性质实验研究

通过近百次实验研究表明，金在水热条件下的地球化学行为具有以下几个特点：金在氧化条件下溶解，还原条件下沉淀；金在高温下溶解，低温下沉淀；金在碱性或酸性溶液中溶解，在中性溶液中沉淀；金在低压下溶解，在高压下沉淀；随着fs八的增加，金的溶解度随之增加；金可以[An（HS）4]、[Au（HS）2]-、[Au（Cl4）]、[Au（Cl2）]-等络合物形式存在于热液中；在热液中金普遍以An3＋的络合物形式存在，Aul＋的络合物形式次之，随着温度的升高，热液中Au1＋的含量明显增加。     

渔塘坝微地域中玉米硒的分布及其与土壤硒的关系

在渔塘坝０．０１ｋｍ＾２的微域内,玉米硒含量达到较高水平,其根,茎,叶,籽中的平均硒含量分别是４．３６±３．２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ,３．０８±２．２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,９．７４±７．６２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和８．０７±５．０２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。渔塘坝中玉米硒分布类似土壤分布,也可分出相对低,中、高硒的分布区。     

Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure

It is unclear whether certain plant species and plant diversity could reduce the impacts of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil microbial structure and soil enzyme activities. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity and microbial similarity in planted and unplanted soil under combined cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution. A metal hyperaccumulator, Brassica juncea, and a common plant, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, were used in this research. The results showed that microorganism quantity in planted soil significantly increased, compared with that in unplanted soil with Cd and Pb pollution. The order of microbial community sensitivity in response to Cd and Pb stress was as follows: actinomycetes>bacteria>fungi. Respiration, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activity were significantly inhibited due to Cd and Pb stress. Compared with unplanted soil, planted soils have frequently been reported to have higher rates of microbial activity due to the presence of additional surfaces for microbial colonization and organic compounds released by the plant roots. Two coexisting plants could increase microbe population and the activity of phosphatases, dehydrogenases and, in particular, ureases. Soil enzyme activity was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil in this study. Heavy metal pollution decreased the richness of the soil microbial community, but plant diversity increased DNA sequence diversity and maintained DNA sequence diversity at high levels. The genetic polymorphism under heavy metal stress was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil.     

基于地区生态足迹差异的生态适度人口研究

以生态足迹理论为基础,对2006年我国生态足迹进行了计算,在此基础上对我国各省区以及东、中、西三大地带生态适度人口进行了研究.结果表明:第一,2006年我国共有25个省份出现生态赤字,最大赤字省份为卜海,达到1.93.各地区人均生态足迹由东向西逐渐递减,生态承载力由东向西逐渐增加,生态赤字由东向西逐渐递减.地区间的可持续发展水平表现为:西部大于中部,中部大于东部.第二,2006年我国有25个省区出现生态人口赤字.全国的生态适度人口为62482.41万人,赤字人口达到66 648.59万人,赤字人口比例达到51.61%,人口对生态环境资源的压力巨大.第三,生态赤字人口在地区间表现为由东向西的递减趋势,东部地区赤字最严重,西部最优.     

重庆黔江地区2014年PM_(2.5)浓度变化分析

本文整理分析了2014年重庆黔江区的PM2.5变化规律。从每个月来看,重庆黔江区2014年PM2.5污染逐渐加剧,造成这种现象的原因与天气、城市基础设施建设和工业废气的排放有关,因此应主要从控制人为污染源的出发,降低重庆黔江地区PM2.5的浓度。     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

Genotypic and environmental variation in chromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in rice

Genotypic and environmental variation in Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations of rice grains and the interaction between these metals were investigated by using 138 rice genotypes grown in three contaminated soils. There were significant genotypic differences in the three heavy metal concentrations of rice grains, with the absolute difference among 138 genotypes in grain Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations being 24.5-, 9.1- and 23.8-folds, respectively, under the slightly contaminated soil (containing 4.61mgkg(-1) Cr, 1.09mgkg(-1) Cd and Pb 28.28mgkg(-1), respectively). A highly significant interaction occurred between genotype and environment (soil type) in the heavy metal concentrations of rice grains. Cr concentration in rice grains was not correlated with Cd and Pb concentration. However, there was a significant correlation between Cd and Pb in slightly and highly contaminated soils. The results suggest the possibility to develop the rice cultivars with low Cd and Pb concentrations in grain.     

关于建立地震灾害指标体系的研究：地震灾情的综合信息系统

建立地震灾害指杯体系,对全面、系统地反映灾情是十分重要的。本文对地震灾害指标和指标体系的定义及指标的类型、建立指标体系的基本原则及其结构、功能等进行了论述。