基于风险分析的城市防灾减灾规划编制——以地震规划为例

为减轻城市灾害损失,提出城市防灾减灾规划编制方法,将减灾规划分为准备、风险分析、编制和实施4个步骤。依据风险分析结果,制订防灾减灾规划目标、减灾措施及策略。给出典型的地震灾害风险分析方法。以某市为例,算出其各区域的地震风险。根据风险等级划分标准确定各区域的地震风险可接受水平。基于此结果在GIS平台上的表达,可知市内旧城区的地震风险很高,须立刻采取风险减缓措施。对减灾措施进行优化,结果表明:加快现有设防不足工程的抗震加固,严抓新建工程的抗震设防水准是提高该市抗震减震能力的关键。     

赣南─粤西中生代岩浆杂岩与W、Sn、Nb、Ta的成矿

赣南-粤西地区的地壳自早元古代晚期开始形成，地壳成熟度较低。该区是我国华南重要的W、Sn、Nb、Ta等矿的重要产地，与中生代岩浆活动有关。成矿的岩浆杂岩具有高硅、富铝、富钾、高F／C1和Rb／Sr值，稀土配分具“海鸥型”模式，以及高Isr、b18O值和低εNd值的同位素特征，岩石成因属S型系列。矿石铅和长石铅同位素组成相似，反映成矿物质与成岩物质的原区相同，都由地壳物质衍生为主。矿床的形成与地壳演化历史，岩浆成因和岩浆源区物质组成等深部地质作用有关。     

石化企业作业现场智能化管控系统设计与实现

概述了石化企业作业管控现状,分析了当前作业现场人工操作环节管控过程中存在的问题。结合企业作业现场智能化安全管理和监督监控的实际需要,设计了石化企业作业现场智能化管控系统,并深入研究作业现场安全作业管控的关键技术,系统实现了作业许可管理、智能巡检、质量管控、电子档案、应急指挥、地理信息和大屏幕监控显示等功能,具有一定的推广价值。     

秦皇岛市城市绿地对气候环境的调节作用

通过对秦皇岛草面、沥青表面、水泥表面和裸露地表4种表面温度观测的数据,分析了不同地表表面温度在夏季不同天气条件下温度的变化规律与差异,阐述了草地在城市气候环境调节中的作用。统计结果表明,夏季各表面温度从高到低的次序为:沥青、水泥、裸土和草面温度。在不同的地表面中,夜间基本均以草面温度最低。各表面的最低温度出现在日出前,各表面的平均最高温度出现在12～14时之间。在夏季晴朗的白天,中午各表面温度达到一日中的最高。草面的温度远低于沥青和水泥表面的温度,白天平均温度差异达到10.0℃左右。     

我国地面沉降灾害现状与防灾减灾对策

介绍了中国大陆地区地面沉降现状,分析了地面沉降的危害,提出要通过加强组织管理和协调,统筹地表水和地下水,建立监测预警体系,合理编制城市规划来预防和减轻地面沉降灾害。     

基于正交设计的边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析

边坡的稳定性受多种因素的影响,应用正交设计对影响边坡的多因素进行了敏感性分析。首先对正交设计原理及用于结果分析的极差法和方差法进行了简单介绍,然后结合工程实例,说明了正交设计在边坡敏感性分析中的应用,最后用极差法和方差法对其结果进行分析,得出影响边坡的参数中,敏感性由大到小依次为:地震加速度α,粘聚力c,内摩擦角φ,库水位变化H,容重γ;其中地震加速度α,粘聚力c,内摩擦角φ是对该边坡影响最显著的因素。因此,在边坡治理时应注意地震和降雨对其稳定性产生的不利影响。     

基于“重要性-敏感性-冲突性”的陕北生态保护重点区域辨识

在城镇化快速发展背景下,生态环境遭到破坏的风险增加,这必将影响经济社会与生态系统的稳定与安全。基于RS和GIS相关技术,从生态系统服务重要性、生态敏感性和空间冲突3个方面,采用NPP定量指标评价法、空间冲突测度评估法和析取运算法,对陕北生态环境情况进行综合评估。在"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架下,辨识陕北生态保护重点区域,提出一定管控建议。结果表明:(1)陕北生态保护重点区域主要分布于陕北南部的黄龙山、子午岭地区、中部黄土丘陵沟壑区和北部榆林市境内的毛乌素沙漠敏感区。(2)延安市南部生态高价值与高敏感性并存,同时是空间冲突热点区,生态风险高。(3)延安市空间冲突水平相比于榆林市较强烈。能源开采活动、地形起伏、道路扩张及(生态工程)地表破碎性影响,给当地生态环境带来压力和风险。"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架的构建可为生态保护提供新思路,客观辨识出生态重点保护区域,对协调城镇开发建设和生态环境保护之间的矛盾及政策参考方面具有重要意义。     

生物脱臭技术初探

通过以Ｈ２Ｓ为代表的恶臭气体和以活性污泥加热干燥产气对象的脱臭实验，对生物法脱臭机理及影响生物脱臭效果的一些因素进行了有益的研究。     

Effects of plant species coexistence on soil enzyme activities and soil microbial community structure under Cd and Pb combined pollution

The relationship between plant species coexistence and soil microbial communities under heavy metal pollution has attracted much attention in ecology. However, whether plant species coexistence could o set the impacts of heavy metal combined pollution on soil microbial community structure and soil enzymes activities is not well studied. The modified ecological dose model and PCR-RAPD method were used to assess the e ects of two plant species coexistence on soil microbial community and enzymes activities subjected to Cd and Pb combined stress. The results indicated that monoculture and mixed culture would increased microbe populations under Cd and Pb combined stress, and the order of sensitivity of microbial community responding to heavy metal stress was: actinomycetes > bacteria > fungi. The respirations were significantly higher in planted soil than that in unplanted soil. The plant species coexistence could enhance soil enzyme activities under Cd and Pb combined. Furthermore, planted soil would be helpful to enhance soil genetic polymorphisms, but Cd and Pb pollution would cause a decrease on soil genetic polymorphisms. Mixed culture would increase the ecological dose 50% (ED50) values, and the ED50 values for soil enzyme activities decreased with increasing culture time. The dehydrogenase was most sensitive to metal addition and easily loses activity under low dose of heavy metal. However, it was di cult to fully inhibit the phoshpatase activity, and urease responded similarly with phosphatase.     

Possible alkylation of inorganic Hg(II) by photochemical processes in the environment

Contamination of surface waters by pesticides continues to be the focus of concern for water authorities due to the growing evidence of their deleterious effects on aquatic life. In this context, the present work investigates the occurrence of 16 selected pesticides belonging to the classes of triazines, phenylureas, organophosphates, chloroacetanilides and thiocarbamates in surface waters from the Llobregat River (NE Spain) and some of its tributaries (Anoia and Rubí) and assesses their potential impact on the aquatic organisms by applying a recently developed index, the Short-term Pesticide Risk Index for the Surface Water System (PRISW-1), which takes into account the pesticides concentrations and their overall toxicity against three aquatic organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish). Chemical analysis, performed by means of a fully automated method based on isotope dilution on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS), revealed diuron and diazinon as the most ubiquitous and abundant compounds with levels up to 818 and 132 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Total pesticide concentrations, which in only 1 out of 66 samples surpassed 500 ng L⁻¹, were higher in the tributaries than in the river but their contribution in terms of mass-loads to the overall pesticide pollution of the Llobregat River was relatively small. Contamination increased downstream of the river and was clearly influenced by rainfall and hence river flow. Application of the PRISW-1 index indicated that, although pesticides levels fulfilled the European Union Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface waters, the existing pesticide contamination poses a low to high ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms, that algae and macro-invertebrates are at higher risk than fish, and that the organophosphates diazinon and malathion and the phenylurea diuron are the major contributors to the overall toxicity and therefore the most problematic compounds.