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951.
Bryan F. J. Manly 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2004,11(4):367-383
Recently the two-phase adaptive stratified sampling design proposed by Francis (1984) has been extended by Manly et al. (2002) for situations where several biological populations are sampled simultaneously, and where this is done at several different geographical locations in order to estimate population totals or means. The method uses the results from a first phase sample to decide how best to allocate a second phase sample to locations and strata, in order to maximise a criterion (based on estimated coefficients of variation) that measures the accuracy of estimation for population totals, for all variables at all locations. One potential problem with this method is bias in the estimators of the population totals and means. In this paper bootstrapping is considered as a means of overcoming these biases. It is shown using model populations of Pacific walrus and shellfish, based on real data, that bootstrapping is a useful tool for removing about half of the bias. This is also confirmed from some simulations using artificial data. 相似文献
952.
Mark S. Handcock 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(3):267-284
Evolutionary improvements in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) now routinely allow the management and mapping of spatial-temporal
information. In response, the development of statistical models to combine information of different types and spatial support
is of vital importance to environmental science. In this paper we develop a hierarchical spatial statistical model for environmental
indicators of stream and river systems in the United States Mid-Atlantic Region by combining information from separate monitoring
surveys, available contextual information on hydrologic units and remote sensing information. These models are used to estimate
the indicators throughout the riverine system based on information from multiple sources and aggregate scales. The analysis
is based on information underlying the Landscape Atlas of the mid-Atlantic region produced by the US Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP). We also combine information from two overlapping separate monitoring surveys, the EMAP Stream
and River Survey and the Maryland Biological Streams Survey. We present a general framework for comparative distributional
analysis based on the concept of a relative spatial distribution. As an application, the spatial model is used to predict
spatial distributions and relative spatial distributions for a watershed. 相似文献
953.
The sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima hosts two phylogenetically different symbiotic microalgae, a dinoflagellate Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae, ZX) and a chlorophyte (zoochlorellae, ZC). The photosynthetic productivity (P), respiration (R), and contribution
of algal carbon translocated to the host (CZAR) in response to a year’s seasonal ambient changes of natural light and temperature
are documented for both ZX- and ZC-bearing anemones. Light and temperature both affect photosynthesis, respiration, and CZAR,
as well as various algal parameters; while there are evident seasonal differences, for the most part the relative effects
on P, R, and CZAR by the two environmental variables cannot be determined. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of both ZX and ZC was significantly higher during spring and summer. During these seasons, the Pn of ZX was always greater than that of ZC. Regardless of algal symbiont, anemone respiration (R) was significantly higher
during the spring and summer. The annual net carbon fixation rate of anemones with ZX and ZC was 325 and 276 mg C anemone−1 year−1, respectively, which translates to annual net community productivity rates of 92 and 60 g C m−1 year−1 for anemones with ZX or ZC, respectively. CZAR did not show a clear relationship with season; however the CZAR for ZX was
always significantly greater than for ZC. Lower ZX growth rates, coupled with higher photosynthetic rates and higher CZAR
estimates, compared to ZC, suggest that if A. elegantissima is simply carbon limited, ZX-bearing anemones should be the dominant symbiont in the field. However ZC-bearing anemones persist
in low light and reduced temperature microhabitats, therefore more than the translocation of carbon from ZC must be involved.
Given that global climate change will increase water temperatures, the potential for latitudinal range shifts of both ZC and
ZX (S. californium and muscatinei) might be used as biological indicators of thermal shifts in the littoral zone of the Pacific Northwest. 相似文献
954.
Domoic acid in benthic flatfish on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay,California, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Within Monterey Bay, California, USA, the food web transfer of domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by diatoms of the genus
Pseudo-nitzschia, has led to major mortality events of marine mammals and birds. Less visible, and less well known, is whether invertebrates
and fish associated with the benthos are also affected by blooms of DA-producing Pseudo-nitzschia spp. This study examines the presence of DA in benthic flatfish offshore of Davenport, California, (37°0′36″N, 122°13′12″W)
and within Monterey Bay, California (36°45′0″N, 122°1′48″W), including species that feed primarily in the sediment (benthic-feeding)
and species that feed primarily in the water column (benthopelagic-feeding). Flatfish caught between 10 December 2002 and
17 November 2003 at depths of 30–180 m had concentrations of DA in the viscera ranging from 3 to 26 μg DA g−1 of viscera. Although the DA values reported are relatively low, benthic-feeding flatfish were frequently contaminated with
DA, especially as compared with the frequency of contamination of flatfish species that feed in the water column. Furthermore,
on days in which both benthic-feeding and benthopelagic-feeding flatfish were collected, the former had significantly higher
concentrations of DA in the viscera. Curlfin turbot, Pleuronicthys decurrens, the flatfish with both the highest level and frequency of DA contamination, are reported to feed exclusively on polychaetes,
suggesting that these invertebrates may be an important vector of the toxin in benthic communities and may pose a risk to
other benthic-feeding organisms.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
955.
Nicole E. Phillips 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1543-1550
Spatial variation in reproductive output from different populations within a region could have important consequences for
recruitment, and cascading effects on populations and communities of marine species, but is rarely examined over meso-scales
(i.e., tens to hundreds of kilometers). In this study, reproduction in the dominant mid-intertidal mussel, Mytilus californianus, was examined from sites spanning Point Conception, California over a 6-month period (March–August 2000). There was a dramatic
geographic pattern in the relationship between size and potential reproductive output that was qualitatively similar across
all 6 months sampled. Increases in allocation to reproductive tissue with increasing body size occurred at all sites, but
the slope nearly doubled at sites south of Point Conception compared to northern sites. The spatial variation in size-specific
reproductive output, coupled with additional spatial gradients in mussel density and size distributions, combined to increase
total reproductive output by over eightfold at southern relative to northern sites. This study highlights the need to explicitly
examine spatial patterns of reproductive output at these meso-scales, in order to better understand connectivity and source–sink
dynamics in marine systems. 相似文献
956.
Stages in the life cycle of the rhizostome jellyfish Rhizostoma octopus (L.) were reared in the laboratory from planula to young medusa and are described here. Fertilization of eggs was external,
and planulae, 110–150 μm in length, appeared after 2 days. These settled and developed into the scyphistoma stage. Scyphistomae
reached a maximum size of 2.3 mm, bore up to 24 tentacles, and had a large manubrium. Polyps reproduced asexually mainly by
podocysts. Strobilation was induced by temperature change. Each strobila released up to five ephyrae that measured 2.7–5.8 mm
in diameter at liberation. During transformation from newly released ephyra to young medusa, velar lappets appeared and increased
in number, the manubrium developed eight branched oral arms with epaulettes, and a marginal gastric network arose. Only one
cnidocyst type, the “a”-atrichous haploneme, was present in the planula. In addition to these haplonemes, heterotrichous microbasic
euryteles were observed in polyps, ephyrae, and medusae. Statoliths, located in the rhopalia, had a characteristic compact
shape. These sensory structures increased in number and size with the growth of ephyrae and medusae. 相似文献
957.
Bo Terning Hansen Lars Erik Johannessen Tore Slagsvold 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1203-1209
Imprinting plays a key role in the development of species recognition, with young imprinting upon the morphological characters
of their parents. However, the potential role that cultural transmission might play in species recognition remains largely
uninvestigated. Great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) do not normally perceive each other as sexual competitors or potential partners. However, after reciprocal interspecific
cross-fostering, both species may perceive individuals of the foster species as potential rivals or mates. Although the experience
of being raised by heterospecifics clearly has affected the species recognition of cross-fostered birds, some of them breed
naturally with conspecifics. The offspring of such cross-fostered birds (OCF) are hence raised by parents that look like ordinary
conspecifics but display deviant species recognition as compared to controls in terms of aggressive response towards rivals.
Comparing the aggressive behavior of OCF, cross-fostered birds and controls towards territorial intruders may thus help tease
apart the influence of morphological vs behavioral cues of parents in the development of offspring species recognition. To
this end, we compared birds from all three treatments with respect to their aggressive response to territorial intruders of
both species during the breeding season. OCF and controls did not differ in their pattern of response towards heterospecific
and conspecific stimuli. Compared to cross-fostered birds, OCF and controls showed less aggression towards heterospecific
intruders, while the response towards conspecific intruders did not differ between treatments. These results demonstrate that
both tit species imprint on the morphological characters of their parents, but that parental behavior is not important for
the development of species recognition in terms of aggressive response towards territorial intruders. 相似文献
958.
Xyleborini are a species-rich tribe of ambrosia beetles, which are haplodiploid and typically mate among siblings within their
natal brood chamber. Several characteristics of this tribe would predict the evolution of higher levels of sociality: high
genetic relatedness within galleries due to inbreeding, high costs of dispersal and the potential benefit of cooperation in
brood care within the natal gallery (e.g. by fungus gardening, gallery extension, offspring feeding and cleaning). However,
information on the social system of these beetles is very limited. We examined the potential for cooperative breeding in Xyleborinus saxeseni by monitoring dispersal in relation to brood size and composition. Results show that adult female offspring delay dispersal
despite dispersal opportunities, and apparently some females never disperse. The females’ decision to stay seems to depend
on the presence of eggs and dependent siblings. We found no indication that female offspring reproduce in their natal gallery,
as colonies with many mature daughters do not contain more eggs than those with few or no daughters. There is a significant
positive relationship between the number of females present and the number of dependent siblings (but not eggs), which suggests
that cooperative brood care of female offspring raises colony productivity by improving survival rates of immatures. Our results
suggest that cooperative breeding is likely to occur in X. saxeseni and possibly other xyleborine species. We argue that a closer look at sociality within this tribe may yield important information
on the factors determining the evolution of cooperative breeding and advanced social organization. 相似文献
959.
The role of different types of detached macrophytes in the food and habitat choice of a surf-zone inhabiting amphipod 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Allorchestes
compressa is the dominant macroinvertebrate species in wrack accumulations on surf zones of south-western Australia. These amphipods
were provided with a choice of macrophyte material representing brown and red algae and seagrass in a series of preference
experiments in the laboratory and field. Feeding experiments showed that A. compressa exhibited a strong preference for particular types of macrophytes (P < 0.01). Amphipods primarily consumed brown algae, with 69–98% of the biomass of Ecklonia radiata and 64% of the biomass of Sargassum sp. lost over the experiments. This study has shown that the amphipod A. compressa exhibits a clear preference for brown algae over red algae and seagrass as food. In terms of habitat preference, tank experiments
using a series of pair-wise comparisons showed that, in the absence of fish predators, A. compressa selected seagrass as its preferred habitat over the other types of wrack (P < 0.001). When satiated or starved, between 68 and 83 and 79 and 98% of amphipods were found in Amphibolis and Posidonia, respectively. In contrast, field-cage experiments revealed that A. compressa preferred either mixed wrack, brown algae or red algae over seagrass as a habitat (P < 0.01). The contrasts between results from the laboratory and field suggest that other factors such as the presence of predators,
water flow and light could influence habitat choice in the surf zone. This study shows that allochthonous material transported
to surf zones from other habitats therefore play different roles in driving secondary production in this shoreline habitat. 相似文献
960.
The leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) is an important predator in coastal marine ecosystems of California, targeted by recreational and commercial fishermen and
of specific interest in fisheries management. From October 2003 to August 2006, 169 leopard sharks were collected from the
coast of California (between 40.750°N and 32.678°N) and analyzed for mitochondrial and nuclear genetic structure. Analyses
of mtDNA control region sequences revealed relatively low levels of genetic variation (five haplotypes, average pairwise divergence
π = 0.0067). In contrast, leopard sharks were highly polymorphic for inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), which characterize
a broad range of the nuclear genome. The null hypothesis of panmixia in California waters was rejected for both genetic markers,
and ISSRs displayed a statistically significant pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) across the species range (P = 0.002). A variety of analyses showed that divergence is most pronounced in the northernmost population of Humboldt Bay.
Natal philopatry in T. semifasciata was tested using Siegel-Tukey tests on data partitioned by breeding site status, and sex-specific philopatry was tested by
comparing IBD plots between sexes. Although there was some evidence for natal philopatry in leopard sharks (P = 0.038), and population divergence may be related to the proximity of breeding sites (P = 0.064), we found no support for sex-specific philopatry. In addition to identifying a novel set of highly variable genetic
markers for use in shark population studies, these results may be used to better inform management decisions for leopard sharks
in California. 相似文献