全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1900篇 |
免费 | 51篇 |
国内免费 | 20篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 129篇 |
废物处理 | 82篇 |
环保管理 | 445篇 |
综合类 | 209篇 |
基础理论 | 490篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 386篇 |
评价与监测 | 124篇 |
社会与环境 | 72篇 |
灾害及防治 | 32篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 24篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 26篇 |
2019年 | 24篇 |
2018年 | 47篇 |
2017年 | 61篇 |
2016年 | 67篇 |
2015年 | 64篇 |
2014年 | 60篇 |
2013年 | 131篇 |
2012年 | 86篇 |
2011年 | 155篇 |
2010年 | 100篇 |
2009年 | 88篇 |
2008年 | 114篇 |
2007年 | 125篇 |
2006年 | 120篇 |
2005年 | 72篇 |
2004年 | 71篇 |
2003年 | 71篇 |
2002年 | 59篇 |
2001年 | 40篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 30篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1937年 | 2篇 |
1936年 | 2篇 |
1935年 | 3篇 |
1926年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1971条查询结果,搜索用时 421 毫秒
731.
Updated evaluation of exergy and emergy driving the geobiosphere: A review and refinement of the emergy baseline 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Crucial to the method of emergy synthesis are the main driving emergy flows of the geobiosphere to which all other flows are referenced. They form the baseline for the construction of tables of Unit Emergy Values (UEVs) to be used in emergy evaluations. We provide here an updated calculation of the geobiosphere emergy baseline and UEVs for tidal and geothermal flows. First, we recalculate the flows using more recent values that have resulted from satellite measurements and generally better measurement techniques. Second, we have recalculated these global flows according to their available energy content (exergy) in order to be consistent with Odum's (1996) definition of emergy. Finally, we have reinterpreted the interaction of geothermal energy with biosphere processes thus changing the relationship between geothermal energy and the emergy baseline. In this analysis we also acknowledge the significant uncertainties related to most estimates of global data. In all, these modifications to the methodology have resulted in changes in the transformities for tidal momentum and geothermal energy and a minor change in the emergy baseline from 15.8E24 seJ/J to 15.2E24 seJ/J. As in all fields of science basic constants and standards are not really constant but change according to new knowledge. This is especially true of earth and ecological sciences where a large uncertainty is also to be found. As a consequence, while these are the most updated values today, they may change as better understanding is gained and uncertainties are reduced. 相似文献
732.
Phillip Cassey Golo Maurer Camille Duval John G. Ewen Mark E. Hauber 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(10):1711-1720
Studies of avian eggshell coloration have been a long-standing research focus in behavioral evolutionary ecology. Museum collections
have provided a widely used resource because they allow efficient sampling across broad temporal, geographical, and taxonomic
ranges, even for species that are rare and for which sampling in the wild is ethically or practically unwarranted. We used
reflectance spectrophotometry across the avian visual spectrum to compare eggshell color of specimens of the song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in two museums (Natural History Museum, UK and Auckland Museum, New Zealand) with each other and with eggshells collected
fresh in New Zealand. These data enabled us to test the effects of source and storage in different museums, as well as time
since collection, across four metrics of eggshell coloration: blue-green and ultraviolet chroma, overall brightness, and the
spectral coefficient of variation. Variation within an egg, within a clutch, and among clutches, was similar between the two
museum datasets but different from those of fresh eggs. We found significant differences in all four metrics between the collections,
and that fresh eggshells reflected stronger in the blue-green wavelength than in museum eggs. This difference is most likely
due to different preservation techniques and storage histories. Furthermore, an effect of time since collection was only apparent
in the blue-green chroma and was higher in more recent museum eggshell samples. Our results support the use of historic museum
samples in intraspecific studies of shell coloration providing that efforts are made to compare specimens, which were collected
during similar periods. 相似文献
733.
Mark D. E. Fellowes Steve G. Compton James M. Cook 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(2):95-102
The populations of many species are structured such that mating is not random and occurs between members of local patches.
When patches are founded by a single female and all matings occur between siblings, brothers may compete with each other for
matings with their sisters. This local mate competition (LMC) selects for a female-biased sex ratio, especially in species
where females have control over offspring sex, as in the parasitic Hymenoptera. Two factors are predicted to decrease the
degree of female bias: (1) an increase in the number of foundress females in the patch and (2) an increase in the fraction
of individuals mating after dispersal from the natal patch. Pollinating fig wasps are well known as classic examples of species
where all matings occur in the local patch. We studied non-pollinating fig wasps, which are more diverse than the pollinating
fig wasps and also provide natural experimental groups of species with different male morphologies that are linked to different
mating structures. In this group of wasps, species with wingless males mate in the local patch (i.e. the fig fruit) while
winged male species mate after dispersal. Species with both kinds of male have a mixture of local and non-local mating. Data
from 44 species show that sex ratios (defined as the proportion of males) are in accordance with theoretical predictions:
wingless male species<wing-dimorphic male species<winged male species. These results are also supported by a formal comparative
analysis that controls for phylogeny. The foundress number is difficult to estimate directly for non-pollinating fig wasps
but a robust indirect method leads to the prediction that foundress number, and hence sex ratio, should increase with the
proportion of patches occupied in a crop. This result is supported strongly across 19 species with wingless males, but not
across 8 species with winged males. The mean sex ratios for species with winged males are not significantly different from
0.5, and the absence of the correlation observed across species with wingless males may reflect weak selection to adjust the
sex ratio in species whose population mating structure tends not to be subdivided. The same relationship is also predicted
to occur within species if individual females adjust their sex ratios facultatively. This final prediction was not supported
by data from a wingless male species, a male wing-dimorphic species or a winged male species.
Received: 27 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 11 January 1999 / Accepted: 16 January 1999 相似文献
734.
Size assessment in simulated territorial encounters between male green frogs (Rana clamitans) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mark A. Bee Stephen A. Perrill Patrick C. Owen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(3-4):177-184
We examined the ability of male green frogs to assess the size of an opponent based on the dominant frequency of their advertisement
call, which is negatively correlated with size, using synthetic stimuli to simulate intruders of different sizes. In one field
playback experiment, we broadcast a pair of stimuli representing a small and a large male; in a second experiment, we broadcast
calls of a medium and a large male. In both experiments, males produced calls with significantly lower dominant frequencies
in response to each stimulus. Contrast analyses revealed that males lowered the dominant frequency of their calls more in
response to the large-male stimulus than in responses to the small- and medium-male stimuli. In the second experiment, males
also responded to the large-male stimulus by calling at higher rates. There were no differences in mean note duration or the
number of moves made toward or around the playback speaker in response to any stimulus. Thus, the frequency of an opponent's
calls elicits a differential modification of calling behavior, primarily in the form of differential dominant frequency alteration,
suggesting that males use dominant frequency to assess the size of opponents during aggressive encounters.
Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 7 October 1998 相似文献
735.
Summary. The ability to perceive and respond to phytochemicals that reliably indicate poor suitability of a potential host plant confers
a selective advantage to ovipositing female swallowtail butterflies. Papilio glaucus females are generalists that nonetheless do not oviposit on red bay (Persea borbonia: Lauraceae). Red bay is toxic to P. glaucus neonates but is commonly found in habitats alongside their principal host plant, Magnolia virginiana, in central Florida. The hypothesis that deterrent compounds present in the leaves of red bay mediate its rejection by P. glaucus was evaluated in our study. Florida populations of P. glaucus did not oviposit on host leaves sprayed with the methanol extract of red bay foliage, although they accepted solvent-treated
and untreated tulip tree leaves in 3 choice bioassays. Additionally, tulip tree leaves sprayed with methanolic extracts of
red bay also deterred oviposition by P. glaucus females from Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania, although these populations do
not naturally encounter red bay. Clearly, deterrent compounds found within this non-host are the basis of its rejection by
populations of P. glaucus and such recognition is fundamental to the species, not just a reflection of local adaptations.
Received 2 April 1999; accepted 11 June 1999. 相似文献
736.
Brian D. Healy Phaedra Budy Charles. B. Yackulic Brendan P. Murphy Robert C. Schelly Mark C. McKinstry 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e13993
Invasive species can dramatically alter ecosystems, but eradication is difficult, and suppression is expensive once they are established. Uncertainties in the potential for expansion and impacts by an invader can lead to delayed and inadequate suppression, allowing for establishment. Metapopulation viability models can aid in planning strategies to improve responses to invaders and lessen invasive species’ impacts, which may be particularly important under climate change. We used a spatially explicit metapopulation viability model to explore suppression strategies for ecologically damaging invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta), established in the Colorado River and a tributary in Grand Canyon National Park. Our goals were to estimate the effectiveness of strategies targeting different life stages and subpopulations within a metapopulation; quantify the effectiveness of a rapid response to a new invasion relative to delaying action until establishment; and estimate whether future hydrology and temperature regimes related to climate change and reservoir management affect metapopulation viability and alter the optimal management response. Our models included scenarios targeting different life stages with spatially varying intensities of electrofishing, redd destruction, incentivized angler harvest, piscicides, and a weir. Quasi-extinction (QE) was obtainable only with metapopulation-wide suppression targeting multiple life stages. Brown trout population growth rates were most sensitive to changes in age 0 and large adult mortality. The duration of suppression needed to reach QE for a large established subpopulation was 12 years compared with 4 with a rapid response to a new invasion. Isolated subpopulations were vulnerable to suppression; however, connected tributary subpopulations enhanced metapopulation persistence by serving as climate refuges. Water shortages driving changes in reservoir storage and subsequent warming would cause brown trout declines, but metapopulation QE was achieved only through refocusing and increasing suppression. Our modeling approach improves understanding of invasive brown trout metapopulation dynamics, which could lead to more focused and effective invasive species suppression strategies and, ultimately, maintenance of populations of endemic fishes. 相似文献
737.
Honoria Kwok Jeffrey Yan Pamela Brunswick Mark McMaster Marlene Evans Marcus Kim 《Environmental Forensics》2020,21(1):87-98
AbstractA saponification extraction method with gas chromatography pseudo-MRM (pMRM) mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of 50 total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH50, a combination of parent and alkylated homologues) in biota. The method was aimed at monitoring and identification of potential TPAH contaminants in bitumen impacted environments. Alkylated PAHs were determined by multi-level, quantitative calibration using parent PAHs. The developed and thoroughly validated method required only one injection for TPAH50 analysis which represents significant saving of time and expensive authentic alkylated standards. The current method was tested with certified reference mussel tissue NIST 1974c and performed well. In a comparison study, the method reached a limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the TPAH50 between 0.1 and 0.2?ng g?1, while the QuEChERs enhanced matrix removal – lipid (EMR) kit produced by Agilent showed an LOQ of 5–10?ng g?1. The current method relied on response factors (RF) for the quantitation of alkylated PAHs determined against parent PAHs. These RFs were shown to be stable and consistent over the course of 1 year, during which over 200 routine environmental biota monitoring samples were analyzed. The environmental biota monitoring samples analyzed include muscle, carcass and liver, with an average total PAH50 concentration of 13, 90 and 135?ng g?1, respectively. Results show significant differences in the distributions of 1 ringed, 2 ringed, 3 ringed, 4 ringed, and 5+ ringed TPAHs between the types of biota samples. 相似文献
738.
Esther Coz Begoña Artíñano Lisa M. Clark Mark Hernandez Allen L. Robinson Gary S. Casuccio Traci L. Lersch Spyros N. Pandis 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(32):3952-3962
Scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) was used to quantify individual bioparticles in PM2.5 samples collected during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. Microscopy-based estimates of primary biogenic organic aerosol (PBOA) mass were compared to carbohydrate mass associated with PM2.5. Carbohydrates show substantial seasonal variations, with higher concentrations in the spring and the fall. During the summer, carbohydrates were about 30% of the estimated PBOA concentrations, but in the winter carbohydrate concentrations often greatly exceeded the PBOA mass estimate. Spores and insect detritus were the most abundant PBOA types in the summer samples, while winter samples were comprised predominantly of a mixture of microorganisms, insect and vegetative detritus. During the summer PBOA contributed on average 6.9 ± 5.4% by mass of the PM2.5 versus 3.3 ± 1.4% of the PM2.5 mass during the winter. 相似文献
739.
Asko Noormets Olevi Kull Mark E. Kubiske 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(4):992-999
The effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on apparent quantum yield (?), maximum photosynthesis (Pmax), carboxylation efficiency (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax) at different canopy locations was studied in two aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones of contrasting O3 tolerance. Local light climate at every leaf was characterized as fraction of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD). Elevated CO2 alone did not affect ? or Pmax, and increased Jmax in the O3-sensitive, but not in the O3-tolerant clone. Elevated O3 decreased leaf chlorophyll content and all photosynthetic parameters, particularly in the lower canopy, and the negative impact of O3 increased through time. Significant interaction effect, whereby the negative impact of elevated O3 was exaggerated by elevated CO2 was seen in Chl, N and Jmax, and occurred in both O3-tolerant and O3-sensitive clones. The clonal differences in the level of CO2 × O3 interaction suggest a relationship between photosynthetic acclimation and background O3 concentration. 相似文献
740.
Ahmed M. Al-Ansari Linda E. Kimpe Mark E. McMaster Jules M. Blais 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(8):2566-2571
17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen prescribed as a contraceptive, was measured in Shorthead Redhorse Suckers (ShRHSs) (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) collected near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the St. Clair River (Ontario, Canada). We detected EE2 in 50% of the fish samples caught near the WWTP (Stag Island), which averaged 1.6 ± 0.6 ng/g (wet weight) in males and 1.43 ± 0.96 ng/g in females. No EE2 was detected in the samples from the reference site (Port Lambton) which was 26 km further downstream of the Stag Island site. Only males from Stag Island had VTG induction, suggesting the Corunna WWTP effluent as a likely source of environmental estrogen. EE2 concentrations were correlated with total body lipid content (R2 = 0.512, p < 0.01, n = 10). Lipid normalized EE2 concentrations were correlated with δ15N (R2 = 0.436, p < 0.05, n = 10), suggesting higher EE2 exposures in carnivores. Our data support the hypothesis of EE2 bioaccumulation in wild fish. 相似文献