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81.
Carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen stable isotope ratio techniques were used in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate the relative importance of algae and of mangrove detritus in the nutrition of two penaeid prawn species on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Mangrove detritus was found to contribute to the nutrition of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis de Man living within tidal creeks, but not to adult P. merguiensis and juvenile and adult Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller) captured offshore. Results from radiotracer feeding studies, with refractory 14C mangrove lignocellulose as the food source, indicated that juvenile P. merguiensis from tidal creeks assimilated mangrove carbon with an efficiency of 13.4%. This did not differ significantly (P=0.05) from the assimilation efficiencies of juvenile and adult P. sculptilis living offshore (10.0 and 10.9%, respectively); these values were significantly higher (P<0.001) than for adult P. merguiensis (2.1%). Thus, the differential contribution of mangrove material to the nutrition of prawns in the tidal creeks and offshore was not related to differences in the prawn's ability to utilize detritus. Instead, our analysis of C stable isotopes in sediments indicated that mangrove detritus was generally more abundant within the tidal creeks than offshore. Juvenile prawns in the tidal creeks may also utilize mangrove material indirectly by feeding on small detritivorous invertebrates. Stable isotope analyses suggest that benthic microalgae constitute the other major dietary component for prawns living in tidal creeks. Prawns offshore were utilizing mainly phytoplankton-based material. 相似文献
82.
Robert Planqué Anna Dornhaus Nigel R. Franks Tim Kovacs James A. R. Marshall 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(3):347-356
Animals searching for food, mates, or a home often need to decide when to stop looking and choose the best option found so far. By re-analyzing experimental data from experiments by Mallon et al. (Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50:352–359, 2001), we demonstrate that house-hunting ant colonies are gradually more committed to new nests during the emigration. Early in house-hunting, individual ants were flexibly committed to new nest sites. However, when carrying to a new nest had started, ants hardly ever switched preference. Using a theoretical model based on experimental data, we test at which stage flexible commitment influences speed and accuracy most. We demonstrate that ant colonies have found a good compromise between impatience and procrastination. Early flexibility combined with later rigidity is identically effective as other strategies that include flexible commitment, but it is particularly good when emigration conditions are harsh. 相似文献
83.
Climate change is a major threat to coral reef ecosystems worldwide. A key determinant of the fate of reef corals in a warming
climate is their capacity to tolerate increasing thermal stress. Here, an increase in thermal tolerance is demonstrated for
three major coral genera (Acropora, Pocillopora and Porites) following the extensive mass bleaching event that occurred on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) in 1998. During the subsequent
and more severe thermal stress event in 2002, bleaching severity was 30–100% lower than predicted from the relationship between
severity and thermal stress in 1998, despite higher solar irradiances during the 2002 thermal event. Coral genera most susceptible
to thermal stress (Pocillopora and Acropora) showed the greatest increase in tolerance. Although bleaching was severe in 1998, whole-colony mortality was low at most
study sites. Therefore, observed increases in thermal tolerance cannot be explained by selective mortality alone, suggesting
a capacity for acclimatization or adaptation. Although the vulnerability of coral reefs remains largely dependent on the rate
and extent of climate change, such increase in thermal tolerance may delay the onset of mass coral mortalities in time for
the implementation of low-emission scenarios and effective management. 相似文献
84.
Daryl?J.?BonessEmail author W.?Don?Bowen Birgit?M.?Buhleier Gregory?J.?Marshall 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(1):119-130
Our best understanding of marine mammal mating systems comes from land-mating pinnipeds. Logistical problems of observing behavior at sea have limited our ability to make inferences about species with aquatic-mating systems, which comprise over half the pinnipeds. The mating systems of these species likely involve different mating tactics than land-mating species. We used several methods in combination (e.g., animal-borne cameras, radio telemetry, time-depth recorders, and DNA paternity assessment) to provide a comprehensive study of the aquatic-mating tactics of harbor seal males. Males decreased time offshore (26.0 vs 14.8%) and increased time near shore (33.8 vs 43.7%) between premating and mating periods, respectively. Concomitantly, males reduced foraging effort and increased activities associated with competition for females (e.g., visual/vocal displays and threats). As females come into estrus near the end of lactation and spend more time at sea, males reduced their near-shore ranges (4.2 vs 1.0 km2), which were clustered within 1–1.5 km of the beach where females attended their pups. Body mass of males was not a major factor affecting their reproductive behavior. From a small number of paternity assignments to study males, it appears that females select males. These combined results are more consistent with a lek-type mating system than with the territorial or female defense systems characteristic of land-mating pinnipeds. 相似文献
85.
Most major neuropsychiatric outcomes of concern to families are not detectable by prenatal ultrasound. The introduction of genome-wide chromosomal microarray analysis to prenatal clinical diagnostic testing has increased the detection of pathogenic 22q11.2 deletions, which cause the most common genomic disorder. The recent addition of this and other microdeletions to non-invasive prenatal screening methods using cell-free fetal DNA has further propelled interest in outcomes. Conditions associated with 22q11.2 deletions include intellect ranging from intellectual disability to average, schizophrenia and other treatable psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, and early-onset Parkinson's disease. However, there is currently no way to predict how severe the lifetime expression will be. Available evidence suggests no major role in these neuropsychiatric outcomes for the congenital cardiac or most other structural anomalies that may be detectable on ultrasound. This article provides an outline of the lifetime neuropsychiatric phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome that will be useful to clinicians involved in prenatal diagnosis and related genetic counselling. The focus is on information that will be most relevant to two common situations: detection of a 22q11.2 deletion in a fetus or newborn, and new diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a parent without a previous molecular diagnosis. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
86.
Recovery dynamics in a previously disturbed stream were investigated to determine the influence of a series of remedial actions
on stream recovery and to evaluate the potential application of bioindicators as an environmental management tool. A suite
of bioindicators, representing five different functional response groups, were measured annually for a sentinel fish species
over a 15 year period during which a variety of remedial and pollution abatement actions were implemented. Trends in biochemical,
physiological, condition, growth, bioenergetic, and nutritional responses demonstrated that the health status of a sentinel
fish species in the disturbed stream approached that of fish in the reference stream by the end of the study. Two major remedial
actions, dechlorination and water flow management, had large effects on stream recovery resulting in an improvement in the
bioenergetic, disease, nutritional, and organ condition status of the sentinel fish species. A subset of bioindicators responded
rather dramatically to temporal trends affecting all sites, but some indicators showed little response to disturbance or to
restoration activities. In assessing recovery of aquatic systems, application of appropriate integrative structural indices
along with a variety of sensitive functional bioindicators should be used to understand the mechanistic basis of stress and
recovery and to reduce the risk of false positives. Understanding the mechanistic processes involved between stressors, stress
responses of biota, and the recovery dynamics of aquatic systems reduces the uncertainty involved in environmental management
and regulatory decisions resulting in an increased ability to predict the consequences of restoration and remedial actions
for aquatic systems. 相似文献
87.
88.
Marshall Wise G. Page Kyle James J. Dooley Son H. Kim 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(2):301-308
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to be an economic means of reducing direct (or tailpipe) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transportation sector. However, without a climate policy that places a limit on CO2 emissions from the electric generation sector, the net impact of widespread deployment of PHEVs on overall U.S. CO2 emissions is not as clear. A comprehensive analysis must consider jointly the transportation and electricity sectors, along with feedbacks to the rest of the energy system. In this paper, we use the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's MiniCAM model to perform an integrated economic analysis of the penetration of PHEVs and the resulting impact on total U.S. CO2 emissions. In MiniCAM, the deployment of PHEVs (or any technology) is determined based on its relative economics compared to all other methods of providing fuels and energy carriers to serve passenger transportation demands. Under the assumptions used in this analysis where PHEVs obtain 50–60% of the market for passenger automobiles and light-duty trucks, the ability to deploy PHEVs under the two climate policies modelled here results in over 400 million tons (MT) CO2 per year of additional cost-effective emissions reductions from the U.S. economy by 2050. In addition to investments in nuclear and renewables, one of the key technology options for mitigating emissions in the electric sector is CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The additional demand for geologic CO2 storage created by the introduction of the PHEVs is relatively modest: approximately equal to the cumulative geologic CO2 storage demanded by two to three large 1000 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power plants using CCS over a 50-year period. The introduction of PHEVs into the U.S. transportation sector, coupled with climate policies such as those examined here, could also reduce U.S. demand for oil by 20–30% by 2050 compared to today's levels. 相似文献
89.
N. Marshall 《Marine Biology》1968,2(1):50-53
The abundance of organic aggregates is reported for a variety of coral-reef sites and surrounding waters. There is no net increase of aggregates forming from dissolved organic matter and streaming off the reefs into the lagoons, though the organic components and the aeration of this water might be conducive to aggregate formation. Also, although the waters flowing from the surrounding oceans across the reefs and into the lagoons contribute organic components, the concentration of organic aggregates in the latter habitats is not in excess of quantities in surrounding oceanic waters. 相似文献
90.
Lauric Thiault Matthew I. Curnock Georgina G. Gurney Scott F. Heron Nadine A. Marshall Erin Bohensky Nao Nakamura Petina L. Pert Joachim Claudet 《Conservation biology》2021,35(2):598-609
Managing human use of ecosystems in an era of rapid environmental change requires an understanding of diverse stakeholders’ behaviors and perceptions to enable effective prioritization of actions to mitigate multiple threats. Specifically, research examining how threat perceptions are shared or diverge among stakeholder groups and how these can evolve through time is increasingly important. We investigated environmental threat perceptions related to Australia's Great Barrier Reef and explored their associations before and after consecutive years of mass coral bleaching. We used data from surveys of commercial fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents (n = 5254) conducted in 2013 and 2017. Threats perceived as most serious differed substantially among groups before bleaching but were strongly aligned after bleaching. Climate change became the most frequently reported threat by all stakeholder groups following the coral bleaching events, and perceptions of fishing and poor water quality as threats also ranked high. Within each of the 3 stakeholder groups, fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents, the prioritization of these 3 threats tended to diverge in 2013, but convergence occurred after bleaching. These results indicate an emergence of areas of agreement both within and across stakeholder groups. Changes in perceptions were likely influenced by high-profile environmental-disturbance events and media representations of threats. Our results provide insights into the plasticity of environmental-threat perceptions and highlight how their convergence in response to major events may create new opportunities for strategic public engagement and increasing support for management. 相似文献