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101.
Hirofumi Sakanakura Masahiro Osako Akiko Kida Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(1):56-67
The objective of this study was to design a procedure for an environmental availability test under both acidic and alkaline
conditions for solid wastes and recycled materials and products. The procedure was designed on the basis of the Dutch availability
test NEN 7371. Bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and copper slag were used as test materials. The influences
of the type and intensity of liquid stirring apparatus and the open area ratio of the top of the leaching vessel were investigated
experimentally, and partial least-squares modeling was applied as multivariate data analysis for the simultaneous evaluation
of the three leaching conditions. Interlaboratory validation was then carried out with the participation of seven laboratories
in accordance with JIS Z 8402-2/ISO 5725-2. Both repeatability and reproducibility were found to be acceptable, but precise
calibration of the pH electrode is required. The proposed procedure will provide sufficient accuracy as a standard test method. 相似文献
102.
Naoko NAKAGAWA Masahiro OTAKI Shinji MIURA Hironobu HAMASUNA Katsuyoshi ISHIZAKI 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2006,18(6):1088-1093
Sustainable sanitation is an approach for more ecological and sustainable water resources management. In this paper, we proposed one of the new integrated waste treatment systems: an "sustainable sanitation system" that includes separation of the black water from water system by a non-flushing toilet (bio-toilet), and a gray water treatment based on a biological and ecological concept. Sustainable sanitation system also converts the domestic waste to soil conditioners and fertilizers, for farmland use. As one of the case studies, Environmentally Symbiotic Housing in which people actually live using the bio-toilet for the black water treatment and the household wastewater treatment facility for the gray water was introduced. The availability of this system was investigated by analyzing the sawdust used in the bio-toilet and the quality of the effluent in the household wastewater treatment facility. As the result, the water content of the sawdust did not exceed 60% in any of the sampling points and the BOD and COD of the effluent of the household wastewater treatment facility were below 10 and 20 mg/L respectively, due to the low loading. Compared to the pollution load on the water environment created by the conventional system, it was found that the effluent of the house has a lower load than the tertiary treatment and the volume of the water consumption is 75% of the conventional system. 相似文献
103.
Guangdou Qi Zhifei Pan Yasuha Sugawa Fetra J. Andriamanohiarisoamanana Takaki Yamashiro Masahiro Iwasaki Keiko Kawamoto Ikko Ihara Kazutaka Umetsu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1448-1457
The fertilizer properties of anaerobic digestate depend on the feedstock and operating conditions of digestion. In this study, the comparative fertilizer properties of mesophilic and thermophilic digestates from dairy manure were evaluated for plant nutrient contents, and special attention was paid to plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Two digestates contained similar plant nutrient contents, while the thermophilic digestate contained higher contents of NH4+–N. The quantity of Bacillus and Pseudomonas in the mesophilic digestate was significantly higher than in the thermophilic digestate. Furthermore, Bacillus showed siderophore production and antifungal activity (43.5–75.3%), and Pseudomonas showed siderophore and phytohormone production (4.2–75.2 µg ml?1). One phosphate solubilizing isolate was also detected in the mesophilic digestate. These results indicated that two digestates showed different fertilizer properties with respect to nutrient contents and PGPB, and digestates had the potential to increase the availability of phosphorus and iron in the soil, both to provide phytohormones to plant roots and protect plants from fungal phytopathogens. The contents of indicator bacteria and heavy metals were analyzed to determine their environmental risk, and the results showed a high reduction in indicator bacteria and lower levels of heavy metals than in other feedstocks. 相似文献
104.
Yuki Haga Motoharu Suzuki Chisato Matsumura Toshihiro Okuno Masahiro Tsurukawa Kazuo Fujimori Narayanan Kannan Roland Weber Takeshi Nakano 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16446-16454
In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker’s OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers’ urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers’ urine (< 0.20 μg/g Cre). However, also a slight increase of OH-PCBs was observed in the researchers doing the air sampling at PCB storage area. In the second sampling, after recommended PCB exposure reduction measures had been enacted, the worker’s PCB levels did not increase during handling of PCB equipment. This suggests that applied safety measures improved the situation. Hydroxylated trichlorobiphenyls (OH-TrCBs) were identified as a major homolog of OH-PCBs in urine. Also, hydroxylated tetrachlorobiphenyls (OH-TeCBs) to hydroxylated hexachlorobiphenyls (OH-HxCBs) were detected. For the sum of ten selected major indicators, a strong correlation to total OH-PCBs were found and these can possibly be used as non-invasive biomarkers of PCB exposure in workers managing PCB capacitors and transformer oils. We suggest that monitoring of OH-PCBs in PCB management projects could be considered a non-invasive way to detect exposure. It could also be used as a tool to assess and improve PCB management. This is highly relevant considering the fact that in the next 10 years, approx. 14 million tons of PCB waste need to be managed. Also, the selected populations could be screened to assess whether exposure at work, school, or home has taken place. 相似文献
105.
Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E&E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM. 相似文献
106.
Obtaining the cooperation of citizens to participate in separate waste collection is essential to create a recycling-oriented society. In this research, the degree of change in the citizen participation rate, which occurs when the contents of political measures such as the raising of awareness, provision of information, and the conditions of collection services were changed, was estimated together with the effect on the reduction in environmental load. A questionnaire survey was conducted, targeted at residents of Itabashi Ward, while logistic regression analyses were also conducted to create predictive models for recycling behavior, and sensitivity analyses of the models were carried out to estimate the increase in citizen participation rate achievable through the implementation of various political measures. It was found that the effect of "thorough perception of information" was the largest, followed by "minimization of evaluation of trouble" and "thorough perception of efficacy of measures." The effect of the improvement in the citizen participation rate on the reduction in environmental load was also evaluated quantitatively by life cycle inventory analyses. It was indicated that "maximization of perception of information" had the greatest effect. However, the reduction effect with "paper packs" and "PET bottles" was relatively small compared with that of "bottles/cans." 相似文献
107.
Wet scrubber is one of the most conventional types of air pollutant control devices (APCDs), which is specially designed to treat dust and acidic gases in the flue gas simultaneously. In spite of its outstanding ability to control them, however, wet scrubbers have been considered as potential contaminant sources that may increase PCDD/DF concentrations in the flue gas. In this study, we investigated the change of PCDD/DF concentrations at the inlets and outlets of seven wet scrubbers, and compared them with other published data. With a multi-regression analysis of dust concentrations and temperature at the inlets and outlets of given wet scrubbers, we developed an empirical model to understand factors dominating the change of PCDD/DF concentrations. As a result, we confirmed that the changes of PCDD/DF concentrations in wet scrubbers are closely related to their concentrations at the inlets, which would usually be determined by the type of APCDs installed upstream of the wet scrubber. 相似文献
108.
Daichi Murat Sayaka Sawano Tatsuya Ohike Masahiro Okanami Takashi Ano 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,(S1):S127-S131
An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc. 相似文献
109.
Ryo Moriyama Masahiro Sugiyama Atsushi Kurosawa Kooiti Masuda Kazuhiro Tsuzuki Yuki Ishimoto 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(8):1207-1228
Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been receiving increasing attention as a possible option for climate engineering. Its direct cost is perceived to be low, which has implications for international governance of this emerging technology. Here, we critically synthesize previous estimates of the underlying parameters and examine the total costs of SAI. It is evident that there have been inconsistencies in some assumptions and the application of overly optimistic parameter values in previous studies, which have led to an overall underestimation of the cost of aircraft-based SAI with sulfate aerosols. The annual cost of SAI to achieve cooling of 2 W/m2 could reach US$10 billion with newly designed aircraft, which contrasts with the oft-quoted estimate of “a few billion dollars.” If existing aircraft were used, the cost would be expected to increase further. An SAI operation would be a large-scale engineering undertaking, possibly requiring a fleet of approximately 1,000 aircraft, because of the required high altitude of the injection. Therefore, because of its significance, a more thorough investigation of the engineering aspects of SAI and the associated uncertainties is warranted. 相似文献
110.
Several ice nucleating substances have been identified, which exist in vivo or can be extracted from biological materials. Spider silk, which has a strong ability for water condensation, has also been found to possess an ice nucleation activity. The freezing temperature of water droplets was higher in the presence than in the absence of spider silk. Moreover, by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the activity is not due to foreign matter attached to the silk but to the silk fibroin itself. 相似文献