Participation of the C-type hemolymph lectin in mineralization of the acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa

BRA-2, a major C-type lectin in the hemolymph of the acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa was detected in shell-associated proteins. Immobilized BRA-2 promoted CaCO₃ crystallization as determined by an in vitro pH-drift mineralization assay. In nature, calcification occurs as wound repair in M. rosa after breakage of the shell plate. To observe this phenomenon, we inserted a rubber cube inside the mantle cavity of M. rosa through the basal plate, and kept the organisms in a tank for several weeks. The rubber cube was covered first with brownish-colored material, probably a melanin, and then with CaCO₃ 5 weeks after the insertion. In the CaCO₃-associated proteins, BRA-3, a minor component of M. rosa hemolymph lectins, was present in addition to BRA-2. The presence of both the lectins and their ligands on the hemocyte was also observed. These results suggest that the C-type lectins of the M. rosa hemolymph participate in mineralization as well as defense in these organisms.     

Uptake of dissolved organic matter by larval stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci

The life-history of the crown-of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) includes a planktotrophic larva that is capable of feeding on particulate food. It has been proposed, however, that particulate food (e.g. microalgae) is scarce in tropical water columns relative to the nutritional requirements of the larvae of A. planci, and that periodic shortages of food play an important role in the biology of this species. It has also been proposed that non-particulate sources of nutrition (e.g. dissolved organic matter, DOM) may fuel part of the nutritional requirements of the larval development of A. planci as well. The present study addresses the ability of A. planci larvae to take up several DOM species and compares rates of DOM uptake to the energy requirements of the larvae. Substrates transported in this study have been previously reported to be transported by larval asteroids from temperate and antarctic waters. Transport rates (per larval A. planci) increased steadily during larval development and some substrates had among the highest mass-specific transport rates ever reported for invertebrate larvae. Maximum transport rates (J _max ⁱⁿ) for alanine increased from 15.5 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 (13.2 pmol g^–1 h^–1) for gastrulas (J _max ⁱⁿ=38.7 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 or 47.4 pmol g^–1 h^–1) to 35.0 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 (13.1 pmol g^–1 h^–1) for early brachiolaria (J _max ⁱⁿ just prior to settlement=350.0 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 or 161.1 pmol g^–1 h^–1) at 1 M substrate concentrations. The instantaneous metabolic demand for substrates by gastrula, bipinnaria and brachiolaria stage larvae could be completely satisfied by alanine concentrations of 11, 1.6 and 0.8 M, respectively. Similar rates were measured in this study for the essential amino acid leucine, with rates increasing from 11.0 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 (or 9.4 pmol g^–1 h^–1) for gastrulas (J _max ⁱⁿ=110.5 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 or 94.4 pmol g^–1 h^–1) to 34.0 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 (or 13.0 pmol g^–1 h^–1) for late brachiolaria (J _max ⁱⁿ=288.9 pmol larva^–1 h^–1 or 110.3 pmol g^–1 h^–1) at 1 M substrate concentrations. The essential amino acid histidine was transported at lower rates (1.6 pmol g^–1 h^–1 at 1 M for late brachiolaria). Calculation of the energy contribution of the transported species revealed that larvae of A. planci can potentially satisfy 0.6, 18.7, 29.9 and 3.3% of their total energy requirements (instantaneous energy demand plus energy added to larvae as biomass) during embryonic and larval development from external concentrations of 1 M of glucose, alanine, leucine and histidine, respectively. These data demonstrate that a relatively minor component of the DOM pool in seawater (dissolved free amino acids, DFAA) can potentially provide significant amounts of energy for the growth and development of A. planci during larval development.     

Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in marine-, surface-, ground- and drinking waters from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDT and its metabolites (DDDs and DDEs). chlordane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor and endosulfan were determined in drinking-, ground-, surface- and marine waters from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Percentage recoveries of the OCPs from spiked river water ranged from 71.03 +/- 8.15% (dieldrin) to 101.25 +/- 2.17% (alpha-BHC). The levels of OCPs ranged from 5.5 ng/L (2,4-DDD) to 160 ng/L (HCB) in the water samples. Some endocrine disrupting OCPs such as DDT, DDE, heptachlor, endosulfan and chlordane were detected.     

Sorbent-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (Chem-Elut) of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the lipid fraction of human blood plasma

This work compares two lipid extraction methods for determining 24 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), seven dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and ten dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in human blood plasma. The first method was based on conventional liquid-liquid partitioning with chloroform-methanol and the other made use of a sorbent (Chem-Elut) to facilitate the partitioning of lipids into a mixture of hexane and 2-propanol. A multi-layer-silica column including acid- and base-impregnated silica gel was used to reduce the amounts of lipid present in the samples before a basic alumina clean-up step and activated carbon fractionation of planar analytes (PCDD/Fs and non-ortho-PCBs) and non-planar analytes (including ortho-chlorinated PCBs). Gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the analytes in the two fractions. The wet weight based concentrations obtained by the two methods were in agreement but both methods suffer from large organic solvent consumption. The toxic equivalencies derived for PCBs and PCDD/Fs using the two methods were also in agreement. However, the chloroform-methanol method gave slightly higher lipid recoveries, although with greater variation, than the sorbent-assisted method. Nevertheless, despite giving lower lipid recoveries, the sorbent-assisted method has advantages in ease of use and applicability to whole blood samples. The formation of emulsions was avoided with the Chem-Elut method, which probably explains the lower variability in the lipid determinations.     

Evaluating multimedia/multipathway model intake fraction estimates using POP emission and monitoring data

This paper presents a structured evaluation of a novel multimedia chemical fate and multi-pathway human exposure model for Western Europe, IMPACT 2002, using data for PCDD/F congeners. PCDD/F congeners provide an illustration of the potential use of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutant) data for the evaluation of such models. Based on available emission estimates, model predictions with and without spatial resolution are evaluated at three different stages against monitored data: at environmental contamination levels, food exposure concentration, and in terms of human intake fractions (iF): the fraction of an emission that is taken in by the population. The iF is approximately 3.5.10(-3) for emissions of dioxin in Western Europe. This iF compares well to the traditional non-spatial multi-media/-pathway model predictions of 3.9.10(-3) for the same region and to 2.10(-3) for the USA. Approximately 95% of the intake from Western European emissions occurs within the same region, 5% being transferred out of the region in terms of food contaminants and atmospheric advective transport.     

Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): examples from Lake Vättern, Sweden

Lake V?ttern in southern Sweden is a large oligotrophic lake with high surface to catchment area ratio (ca. 0.4) and a water residence time of 60 years. The lake combines sensitivity to atmospheric POP-pollution with general susceptibility for effects of POPs and slow concentration decline. Time series, from the 1960s until 1996, of PCBs and DDT in fish and data on TCDD in sediment of L. V?ttern are presented and compared to other large lakes. The long time dataset of POPs in Arctic char (Salvelinus salvelinus) shows a significant annual decline of about 5% for PCBs and 13% for DDT. These rates are in agreement with other studies. Nutrients as well as biological effects and factors affecting the fate of POPs in oligotrophic lakes with long residence times are discussed. We propose that oligotrophic clear lakes are important ecosystems for monitoring POPs in biota.     

Soviet and post-Soviet environmental management: lessons from a case study on lead pollution

Through a case study on lead pollution in the former Soviet Union, the linkage of policy, environmental science, and environmental management is explored, and compared with the US experience. Soviet bans on leaded gasoline and lead-based paint appear to have been effective. Regional governments, in cooperation with the petroleum industry, are taking the initiative in phasing out leaded gasoline, to some extent in defiance of federal policy. Problems with management of lead-acid batteries have been worsened by the collapse of the political system. Lack of reliable environmental data impedes reliable environmental assessment. The types of environmental measurements reflect an emphasis on multipollutant environmental contamination, rather than on human exposure to single pollutants.     

Effect of boiler operation and RDF feedstock on emissions of dioxins and furans from an RDF fired sp reader-stoker system in Albany, NY

The data on dioxin and furan emissions revealed, based on individual analysis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and TCDF for the six test periods and the operation of the two RDF-fired boilers, that there is no apparent consistent relationship between the dioxin and furan emissions and the individual or combined (averaged) boiler steam flow, total flue gas flow, sidewall furnace temperature, furnace temperature at 2-second residence time, or total furnace residence time at this plant. Only RDF feeder balance begins to show a correlation. However, there was a difference between RDF-natural gas firing and RDF-only firing; the RDF-only firing had lower PCDD and PCDF emissions while consistently operating at lower excess air.

The dioxin and furan emissions from this testing are comparable to the low end of the range of these emissions measured by the U.S. EPA at resource recovery plants in the past 4 years. This may be due in part to the calculated average furnace retention of 4 to 5 seconds during Tests #4–6, with average furnace temperatures at 2-second residence time from 1650°F to 1750°F. However, there was no correlation between dioxin and furan emissions in the stack and individual boiler operation, as judged by the average concentrations of O₂, CO, CO₂, 1-CO/CO₂), NO_x, HCl, SO₂, or TSP, and furnace upset conditions versus normal operation as judged by instantaneous steam flow, sidewall furnace temperature, O₂, CO, NO_x, or SO₂.     

Use and validation of novel snow samplers for hydrophobic, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)

Two novel gas-tight snow samplers (snow-can and snow-tube) are presented and the performance of the snow-can in a field trial was assessed. The methodology for the sampling, extraction and analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are detailed. These samplers allow the various components of a snow sample to be analysed separately; these included the meltwater (MW), particulate matter (GFF) and vapour in the headspace (HS). Snow samples collected on the Punta Indren glacier in the Italian Alps revealed the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OC). Replicate samples of the same snow type were undertaken as a test of sampling precision. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for SigmaPCBs and SigmaPAHs were approximately 30% and approximately 35% respectively. The lowest precision was found for the particle-laden snow, notably for the heavier PCB homologues. For the chlorinated compounds, the pesticides lindane and endosulfan-I had the highest levels in snow, with mean concentrations of 402 and 103 pgl(-1) (snow meltwater) respectively. The vapour present in the headspace (HS) comprised a minor component of a collected sample for all compounds, but HS concentrations for three lighter PAHs gave good agreement with those calculated based on their dimensionless Henry's law constants. This suggests that volatilisation during melting of aged snow-can be reasonably predicted with knowledge of the temperature-dependent Henry's law constant.