Age dependence of the accumulation of organochlorine pollutants in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a remote high mountain lake (Redó, Pyrenees)

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDT were examined in the muscle of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a high mountain lake located in the Pyrenees (Catalonia, Spain) that was used as a model of these lacustrine environments. Results indicate that fish age is the main factor of variability among specimens in this population that is subjected to atmospheric inputs of the organochlorine compounds (OC). Increases of 2- and 20-fold between fish aged 1 year and 15 years old are found. The observed pattern cannot be explained in terms of fish size, condition factor, or muscle lipid content. Higher molecular weight compounds (higher lipophilicity) are better correlated with fish age than low molecular weight compounds. A transformation from 4,4'-DDT to 4,4'-DDE occurs in fish after ingestion; this results in amplified age-dependent signals, especially in male specimens. In contrast, PCB congener #180 has lower age dependence than the general OC group, which could be due to its high hydrophobicity (log K(ow) > 7). In any case, selective accumulation of hydrophobic compounds is already observed among younger fish (age, 1 year). Due to this effect, the relative OC composition does not reflect the main OC pollutants in the lake waters.     

Rat metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

In rats, dibenzo-p-dioxin, 1-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are metabolized to mono- and dihydroxy derivatives, whilst in case of dibenzo-p-dioxin and both the two monochloro isomers, also sulphur containing metabolites are excreted. Primary hydroxylation exclusively takes place at the 2-, 3-, 7- or 8-position in the molecule. In none of the experiments metabolites resulting from fission of the C-O bonds (ortho, ortho'-dihydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers, chlorocatechols) or hydroxylated derivatives thereof, were detected. No metabolites were found from octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.     

The role of algae (Isochrysis galbana) enrichment on the bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene and its effects on the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

The role of algal concentration in the transfer of organic contaminants in a food chain has been studied using the ubiquitous model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as the contaminant, Isochrysis galbana as the phytoplankton food source, and the common mussel (Mytilus edulis) as the primary consumer. The effect of algal concentration on BaP uptake by M. edulis was determined by feeding M. edulis daily with I. galbana which had previously been kept in the presence of BaP for 24 h. Four combinations of concentrations of algae and BaP were used to give final exposure concentrations of 30,000 or 150,000 algal cells ml(-1) in combination with either 2 or 50 microg BaP l(-1). BaP concentrations were determined fluorometrically in rest tissues (excluding digestive glands) and digestive gland microsomal fractions of M. edulis after 1, 7 and 15 days exposure, and also in isolated algae. Potentially toxic effects of BaP on M. edulis were examined in terms of blood cell lysosomal membrane damage (neutral red dye retention assay) and induction of digestive gland microsomal mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) parameters [BaP hydroxylase (BPH) and NADPH-cytochrome c (P450) reductase activities]. BaP bioaccumulation in rest tissues (and to a lesser extent in digestive gland microsomes) of M. edulis increased with both increasing BaP and algal exposure concentrations, and over time, producing maximal bioconcentration factors in rest tissues after 15 days exposure to 150,000 algal cells ml(-1) and 50 microg BaP l(-1) of 250,000. The five-fold higher concentration of algae increased BaP bioaccumulation by a factor of approximately 2 for 50 microg BaP l(-1) at day 15. Blood cell neutral red dye retention time decreased linearly with increasing log(10) tissue BaP body burden, indicating an increased biological impact on M. edulis with increasing BaP exposure possibly due to a direct effect of BaP on blood cell lysosomal membrane integrity. An increase was seen in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, and indicated in BPH activity, with 1 but not 7 or 15 days exposure to BaP, indicating a transient response of the digestive gland microsomal MFO system to BaP exposure.     

Empty nests in the great tit (Parus major) and the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in a polluted area

Great tits (Parus major) are sometimes found to incubate in their nests even though the nests contain no eggs. This phenomenon has been observed in different parts of Europe (Sweden, Finland, UK, Netherlands, Germany) and it has become more common during the 1980s. We analysed the occurrence of empty nests in P. major and in pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in SW Finland from 6-year data collected in a polluted area around a copper smelter which emits large quantities of sulphuric oxides and heavy metals. Among first broods 3.3% of P. major females incubated in empty nests. Incubation on empty nests was not observed in F. hypoleuca, but in this species 2.4% of the nests remained without eggs. In both species empty nests were more common close to the pollution source than farther away. Histopathological analyses in P. major suggest that there are diverse reasons for the incapability of a female to lay. One out of five P. major females captured from incubating in an empty nest had dark cysts in her oviduct. Two P. major females had very scanty medullary bone tissue in their tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and one female showed exceptionally high concentrations of lead in her bone tissue. We conclude that air pollutants enhance the number of empty nests especially in F. hypoleuca, but cannot wholly explain the phenomenon in P. major.     

The effect of pH and dissolved oxygen levels on methylation and partitioning of mercury in freshwater model systems

Radio-labelled mercury, 203HgCl2, was added to water overlying sediment in freshwater model systems. The partitioning of 203Hg between water, sediment and air and the concentration of methyl 203Hg in the water did not differ significantly between systems with a water pH of 5.8+/-0.07 and 6.6+/-0.05. When the systems were made anaerobic and microbial activity was stimulated by the addition of tryptic soybroth (TSB), the level of methyl 203Hg in the water increased by two orders of magnitude. There was also an increase in the concentration of total 203Hg in the water, which was greater than the increase in methyl 203Hg, indicating release of both methyl 203Hg and other 203Hg species from sediment to water. In the systems that were kept aerobic, there was no increase in either total or methyl 203Hg in the water after stimulating the microbial activity with TSB. However, volatilization of 203Hg increased, which was not the case in the anaerobic systems.     

Photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde containing wastewater from veterinarian laboratories

The photocatalytic destruction of methanol, formaline (mixture of formaldehyde, methanol and water) and formaline wastes from the preservation of vertinarian physiologic samples has been attempted by two different processes, at high concentrations of reagents and by dossification of reagents, varying pH in both. Experiment evolution has been monitored by measuring the organic matter such as TOC and formaldehyde concentrations [H2CO]. Also, methanol and methanol-formaldehyde interactions with the TiO2 surface have been analysed by FTIR spectroscopy. Results indicate that at high concentrations the catalyst surfacial alterations given by methoxy, formates or carbonates, according to the pH of the sample can profoundly affect catalyst behaviour. It has been established that reagent dossification is advantageous for enhancing photonic efficiency as it minimizes the adsorbate presence that hampers the photocatalytic process.     

Bioaccumulation of PCBs in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis from seawater, sediment and food pathways

The cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was selected as a model cephalopod to study PCB bioaccumulation via seawater, sediments and food. Newly hatched, juvenile cuttlefish were exposed for 17 days to environmentally realistic concentrations of (14)C-labeled 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB#153) (18 ng PCB l(-1) seawater; 30 ng PCB g(-1) dry wt sediments; Artemia salina exposed to 18 ng PCB l(-1) seawater). Accumulation of PCB#153 was followed in three body compartments: digestive gland, cuttlebone and the combined remaining tissues. Results showed that (1) uptake kinetics were source- and body compartment-dependent, (2) for each body compartment, the accumulation was far greater when S. officinalis was exposed via seawater, (3) the cuttlebone accumulated little of the contaminant regardless of the source, and (4) the PCB congener showed a similar distribution pattern among the different body compartments following exposure to contaminated seawater, sediment or food with the lowest concentrations in the cuttlebone and the highest in the remaining tissues. The use of radiotracer techniques allowed delineating PCB kinetics in small whole organisms as well as in their separate tissues. The results underscore the enhanced ability of cephalopods to concentrate organic pollutants such as PCBs, and raise the question of potential risk to their predators in contaminated areas.     

Organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of the mountain Andean Lakes

Semi-volatile organochlorine compounds (OC) were analyzed in remote Andean soils and lake sediments. The sampling sites covered a wide latitudinal gradient from 18 degrees S to 46 degrees S along Chile and an altitudinal gradient (10-4500 m). The concentrations were in the order of background levels, involving absence of major pollution sources in the high mountain areas. Significant correlations were found between log-transformed concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in soils and total organic content (TOC). In addition, TOC-normalized concentrations of the most volatile OC showed a significant linear dependence with air temperature. This good agreement points to temperature as a significant factor for the retention of long range transported OC in remote ecosystems such as the Andean mountains, although other variables should not be totally excluded. The highest concentrations of OCs were achieved in the sites located at highest altitude and lowest temperature of the dataset.