某1 000 MW机组电除尘器气固两相流数值模拟

流场分布对电除尘性能至关重要。采用商业CFD软件,对某1 000 MW机组电除尘器进行了数值模拟。模拟过程中采用离散相模型（DPM）结合k-ε湍流模型,模拟颗粒运动轨迹。研究了在合理布置烟道走向,并在烟道内布置导流板、阻流板,在进口喇叭内布置气流分布板及导流叶片等措施条件下,电除尘器的气固两相流参数。结果表明：烟道内布置导流板及阻流板后,电除尘器各分室进口流量偏差均在±2%以内,出口流量偏差均不超过±0.5%,远优于标准要求;颗粒相质量流量分配偏差也均未超过5%,且各级粒径分布所对应偏差也明显减小;电除尘器各室入口截面烟气流速相对均方根差均不超过0.15,优于标准要求。     

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of sulfonamide antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake,China

As the most important fishery medicines, sulfonamides are widely used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens in aquaculture. However, relatively little is known about the residues and dietary risks associated with cultured fish around Tai Lake. In the present study, a sampling strategy for a complete aquaculture period was conducted. Specifically, 12 selected sulfonamide antibiotics were measured among 116 fish samples recruited from four sampling periods, four species, four areas, and 18 fish ponds. All 12 antibiotics were detected at detection frequencies of 4.31–28.45%. Total sulfonamides were detected in 77.59% of the fish samples, with 57.76% of fish samples containing from 0.1 to 10 μg kg^?1. Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SDD), and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were the main types of antibiotics used, and these were present at high concentrations (>100 μg kg^?1) with high occurrences, especially in the middle of the aquaculture season. Dietary assessment showed that residual antibiotics in all fish that were being sent to market were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of total sulfonamides and that there was almost no risk associated with fish consumption. The results of the present study will facilitate development of effective measures to produce safe aquatic products and meaningful suggestions for consuming aquatic products.     

生物强化对MBR系统生物特性及群落结构的影响

采用高效菌强化膜生物反应器对溴氨酸废水进行处理,考察了生物强化前后系统对溴氨酸的降解能力及其内部微生物生理状态变化.并采用核糖体基因间隔序列分析技术(RISA)解析了高效菌投加前后污泥系统的群落变化.实验表明,投菌后在进水负荷增加的条件下,上清液和膜出水的溴氨酸脱色率分别约为50%和65%,相应的COD去除率分别约为25%和50%,和投菌前基本保持一致;TTC-脱氢酶活性和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度略有波动,但是运行一段时间后即恢复到投菌前水平.群落分析表明高效菌可以在系统中稳定存在,并且不对原菌群结构造成较大影响.     

联合法赤泥的特性及其对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除

赤泥作为氧化铝冶炼过程中排出的一般工业固废,具有数量大、碱性强、粒径小、孔隙结构丰富等特征。采用XRF、XRD、SEM/EDX等分析手段,研究了赤泥的化学组成、矿物结构、粒度、比表面积、表面形貌、酸中和能力等特性。通过批实验观测了赤泥对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果,并对Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度、pH等影响因子对去除效果的影响展开了分析。结果表明,赤泥的主要化学成分为CaO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,平均比表面积为43.8 m²·g⁻¹;赤泥有很强的酸中和能力,对硝酸的中和能力约为1.875 mol·kg⁻¹。初始pH=4,且过程中不控制pH时,反应在10 min之内达到平衡,去除率为98%~100%,赤泥对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除能力可达到25.9 mg·g⁻¹。当pH=4时,赤泥对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除反应在90~120 min时达到平衡,去除率为10%~45%,当初始浓度为1~100 mg·L⁻¹时,Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度越高,Pb(Ⅱ)去除能力越强,去除率越低。当pH为7和10时,Pb(Ⅱ)去除率分别为92%和98%,残留Pb(Ⅱ)浓度小于污水综合排放标准中第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度1.0 mg·L⁻¹。通过分析可知,赤泥对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除符合拟二级动力学模型,吸附机理主要为化学吸附。     

纳米金属对污水处理系统中磺胺耐药基因和耐药菌的影响及其机理

细菌耐药性和纳米材料污染为新兴环境问题。细菌耐药性遗传载体——耐药基因 (ARGs) 广泛存在于污水处理系统中,且已被证明与金属纳米材料密切相关。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究了纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 和纳米氧化锌 (nZnO) 对污水处理系统中磺胺类耐药菌 (ARB) 和ARGs的分布特征的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L⁻¹ nZVI和nZnO暴露均有利于削减磺胺ARB浓度数。与对照组相比,nZVI和nZnO暴露后污泥中sul1丰度增加了0.25%~16.21%,而sul2出现明显削减 (1.51%~15.47%) 。此外,50 mg·L⁻¹ nZVI会导致游离态胞外ARGs大幅削减。nZVI和nZnO暴露通过富集污水处理系统中的intI1、改变细胞膜通透性和调节细菌转录能力促进sul1的增殖。本研究结果阐明了典型纳米金属对污水处理系统中ARB和不同形态ARGs消长的影响及其机制,可为制定有效调控和全面削减污水处理系统中耐药污染策略提供参考。     

Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in North America

The atmospheric fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was simulated for the year 2000 in North America using a SMOKE/CMAQ-based chemical transport model that was modified for this purpose. The 1999 USEPA emission inventories of PCDD/Fs and criteria pollutants were used. The 1995 Canadian emission inventory of criteria pollutants and the 1995 Canadian area source emissions for PCDD/Fs were used with the 2000 Canadian point source emissions. Modifications to CMAQ involved coupling it with dual organic matter (OM) absorption and black carbon (BC) adsorption models to calculate PCDD/F gas–particle partitioning. The model satisfactorily reproduced the particle bound fractions at all rural sites for which there were measured data and across the whole domain, the modeled vs. measured differences in particle bound fractions were less than 20% for nearly all congeners. The model predicted ambient air PCDD/F concentrations were also consistent with measurements. Simulated deposition fluxes were within 58% of direct measurements. PCDD/F atmospheric depositions to each of the Great Lakes were estimated for the year 2000. The results indicate that approximately 76% of the total deposition of PCDD/Fs to the Great Lakes (in W-TEQ, or toxic equivalent units as defined by the World Health Organization) is attributed to PCDD/Fs absorbed into OM in aerosol. For all of the lakes, more than 92% of all deposition is particle phase wet deposition and only 5–8% is particle phase dry deposition. Wet deposition from the gas phase is negligible. Of the 17 toxic PCDD/F congeners, the Cl_4–5DD/F compounds contribute approximately 70% to the total atmospheric deposition to the Great Lakes. The seasonal changes in the PCDD/F deposition flux track variations in ambient temperature.     

Atmospheric mercury emission from artisanal mercury mining in Guizhou Province,Southwestern China

Mercury (Hg) mining is an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric Hg emissions. The Guizhou Province in Southwestern China is a region with extensive artisanal mercury mining (AMM), but little Hg emission data from this area is available. Using a mass balance method, we estimated emission factors from artisanal mercury mining in Wuchuan mercury mining area (WMMA) and Gouxi area (GX). Average emission factors were 18.2% in WMMA (ranging from 6.9% to 32.1%) and 9.8% in GX (ranging from 6.6% to 14.5%), respectively, which were 2.2–36.4 times higher than the literature values used to estimate Hg emission from Hg mining. Furthermore, the average Hg emission factor of AMM in WMMA was much higher than that in GX, indicating that double condensation processes practiced in GX resulted in higher recoveries and lower emission factors compared to single condensation process applied in WMMA. Atmospheric Hg emission was estimated to be 3.7–9.6 metric tons in 2004 for WMMA and 1.3–2.7 metric tons in 2006 for GX, indicating artisanal Hg mining was an important atmospheric Hg emission source in the study area.     

Determinants of indoor and personal exposure to PM2.5 of indoor and outdoor origin during the RIOPA study

Effects of physical/environmental factors on fine particle (PM_2.5) exposure, outdoor-to-indoor transport and air exchange rate (AER) were examined. The fraction of ambient PM_2.5 found indoors (F_INF) and the fraction to which people are exposed (α) modify personal exposure to ambient PM_2.5. Because F_INF, α, and AER are infrequently measured, some have used air conditioning (AC) as a modifier of ambient PM_2.5 exposure. We found no single variable that was a good predictor of AER. About 50% and 40% of the variation in F_INF and α, respectively, was explained by AER and other activity variables. AER alone explained 36% and 24% of the variations in F_INF and α, respectively. Each other predictor, including Central AC Operation, accounted for less than 4% of the variation. This highlights the importance of AER measurements to predict F_INF and α. Evidence presented suggests that outdoor temperature and home ventilation features affect particle losses as well as AER, and the effects differ.Total personal exposures to PM_2.5 mass/species were reconstructed using personal activity and microenvironmental methods, and compared to direct personal measurement. Outdoor concentration was the dominant predictor of (partial R² = 30–70%) and the largest contributor to (20–90%) indoor and personal exposures for PM_2.5 mass and most species. Several activities had a dramatic impact on personal PM_2.5 mass/species exposures for the few study participants exposed to or engaged in them, including smoking and woodworking. Incorporating personal activities (in addition to outdoor PM_2.5) improved the predictive power of the personal activity model for PM_2.5 mass/species; more detailed information about personal activities and indoor sources is needed for further improvement (especially for Ca, K, OC). Adequate accounting for particle penetration and persistence indoors and for exposure to non-ambient sources could potentially increase the power of epidemiological analyses linking health effects to particulate exposures.     

Occurrence,fate, and transport of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in an alkaline rhizosphere soil-plant (Maize,Zea mays L.) system: the role of Bacillus subtilis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Utilization of microbes is one of the most promising methods to remediate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) from soil. In this study, a systematic...     

中国燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的发展前景

本文在综述我国燃煤中小型锅炉和电站锅炉烟气脱硫技术现状的基础上，分析了我国燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的发展前景．分析结果指出：我国中小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术近期是以完善湿法脱硫技术为主，远期将大力发展干法脱硫技术；在电站锅炉烟气脱硫方面，规模较小的电站锅炉将以喷雾干燥法为主要发展方向，大型电站锅炉近期仍以湿式石灰石－石膏法为主，远期将大力发展电子束辐照氨法脱硫脱硝技术。