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91.
Large‐scale change in human values and associated behavior change is believed by some to be the ultimate solution to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Yet little is known about the dynamics of values. We contribute to this area of inquiry by examining the trajectory of values affecting views of wildlife in North America. Using data from a 19‐state study in the United States and global data from the Schwartz Value Survey, we explored questions of value persistence and change and the nature of attitudinal responses regarding wildlife conservation issues. We found support, based on subjects’ ancestry, for the supposition that domination is a prevalent American value orientation toward wildlife that has origins in European Judeo‐Christian traditions. Independent of that effect, we also found indications of change. Modernization is contributing to a shift from domination to mutualism value orientations, which is fostering attitudes less centered on human interests and seemingly more consistent with a biocentric philosophy. Our findings suggest that if value shift could be achieved in a purposeful way, then significant and widespread behavior change believed necessary for long‐term conservation success may indeed be possible. In particular, greater emphasis on mutualism values may help provide the context for more collaborative approaches to support future conservation efforts. However, given the societal forces at play, it is not at all clear that human‐engineered value shift is tenable. Instead of developing strategies aimed at altering values, it may be more productive to create strategies that recognize and work within the boundaries of existing values. Whereas values appear to be in a period of flux, it will be difficult to predict future trends without a better understanding of value formation and shift, particularly under conditions of rapid social‐ecological change. 相似文献
92.
Schoon Michael York Abigail Sullivan Abigail Baggio Jacopo 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(3):677-689
Regional Environmental Change - Across the country, government agencies increasingly collaborate with non-governmental actors on environmental dilemmas to gain access to resources, expertise, and... 相似文献
93.
Alexis Laurent Julie Clavreul Anna Bernstad Ioannis Bakas Monia Niero Emmanuel Gentil Thomas H. Christensen Michael Z. Hauschild 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(3):589-606
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly used in waste management to identify strategies that prevent or minimise negative impacts on ecosystems, human health or natural resources. However, the quality of the provided support to decision- and policy-makers is strongly dependent on a proper conduct of the LCA. How has LCA been applied until now? Are there any inconsistencies in the past practice? To answer these questions, we draw on a critical review of 222 published LCA studies of solid waste management systems. We analyse the past practice against the ISO standard requirements and the ILCD Handbook guidelines for each major step within the goal definition, scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation phases of the methodology. Results show that malpractices exist in several aspects of the LCA with large differences across studies. Examples are a frequent neglect of the goal definition, a frequent lack of transparency and precision in the definition of the scope of the study, e.g. an unclear delimitation of the system boundaries, a truncated impact coverage, difficulties in capturing influential local specificities such as representative waste compositions into the inventory, and a frequent lack of essential sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Many of these aspects are important for the reliability of the results. For each of them, we therefore provide detailed recommendations to practitioners of waste management LCAs. 相似文献
94.
Roser Rotchs-Ribalta Sara Ruas Karzan D. Ahmed Michael Gormally James Moran Jane Stout Blnaid White Daire
hUallachin 《Ambio》2021,50(2):346
Concerns over the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland have prompted the development of agri-environment policy measures aimed at reducing farming pressure and maintaining semi-natural habitats in farmed landscapes. However, further knowledge is needed to guarantee successful agri-environment measures implementation. The current study assessed the quantity and the quality of semi-natural habitats in farms across a gradient of farming intensities in two contrasting regions in Ireland. Policy protection seemed fundamental for semi-natural habitats preservation. Habitats not protected by agricultural policy relied on extensive farming and are in danger of disappearing if they are intensified or abandoned. Due to the lack of policy incentives for habitat quality, no correlations were found between farming intensity and share of semi-natural habitats with habitat quality. Therefore, extensive farming and retention of habitats alone may not reverse the decline of farmland quality and biodiverisity and, thus, measures incentivising the environmental quality may be more successful.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01344-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
95.
The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20th century. An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs. These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better. 相似文献
96.
Michael Armin Borowitzka Navid Reza Moheimani 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(1):13-25
There is currently great interest in microalgae as sources of renewable energy and biofuels. Many algae species have a high lipid content and can be grown on non-arable land using alternate water sources such as seawater. This paper discusses in detail the issue of sustainability of commercial-scale microalgae production of biofuels with particular focus on land, water, nutrients (N and P) and CO2 requirements and highlights some of the key issues in the very large scale culture of microalgae which is required for biofuels. The use of genetically modified algae is also considered. 相似文献
97.
Michael Gebhardt Markus Ess Sascha Weikert Wolfgang Knapp Konrad Wegener 《Journal of Manufacturing Processes》2013,15(4):452-459
Thermal errors of machine tools are one of the major sources of inaccuracy. Therefore, the reduction of temperature induced deviations or the compensation of the resulting tool center point (TCP) errors have been of strong interest to the manufacturing industry for a couple of years. Up to now, the observation of the environment, the main spindle, the linear axes and the machine bed were in the focus of research, but with the rising demand for 5-axis machine tools and the increasing requirements regarding their accuracy, the analysis of the thermal behavior of rotary axes becomes more and more important. This paper gives an overview of corresponding thermal measurements of machine tools. The thermal behavior of rotary and swiveling axes is analyzed in detail. A simulation model and an approach for a phenomenological compensation of the TCP error are introduced and verified by measurements. 相似文献
98.
99.
Ellen M. Douglas Paul H. Kirshen Michael Paolisso Chris Watson Jack Wiggin Ashley Enrici Matthias Ruth 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(5):537-562
We explored the possible future impacts of increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise and the potential adaptation responses
of two urban, environmental justice communities in the metropolitan Boston area of Massachusetts. East Boston is predominantly
a residential area with some industrial and commercial activities, particularly along the coastal fringe. Everett, a city
to the north of Boston, has a diversified industrial and commercial base. While these two communities have similar socioeconomic
characteristics, they differ substantially in the extent to which residents would be impacted by increased coastal flooding.
In East Boston, a large portion of residents would be flooded, while in Everett, it is the commercial/industrial districts
that are primarily vulnerable. Through a series of workshops with residents in each community, we found that the target populations
do not have an adaptation perspective or knowledge of any resources that could assist them in this challenge. Furthermore,
they do not feel included in the planning processes within their communities. However, a common incentive for both communities
was an intense commitment to their communities and an eagerness to learn more and become actively engaged in decisions regarding
climate change adaptation. The lessons that can be applied to other studies include 1) images are powerful tools in communicating
concepts, 2) understanding existing cultural knowledge and values in adaptation planning is essential to the planning process
and 3) engaging local residents at the beginning of the process can create important educational opportunities and develop
trust and consensus that is necessary for moving from concept to implementation. 相似文献
100.
Simon?BrinerEmail author Michael?Hartmann Robert?Finger Bernard?Lehmann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(4):337-355
We assessed the economic suitability of 4 greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options and one GHG offset option for an improvement
of the GHG balance of a representative Swiss suckler cow farm housing 35 Livestock units and cultivating 25 ha grassland.
GHG emissions per kilogram meat in the economic optimum differ between the production systems and range from 18 to 21.9 kg
CO2-eq./kg meat. Only GHG offset by agroforestry systems showed the potential to significantly reduce these emissions. Depending
on the production system agroforestry systems could reduce net GHG emissions by 66% to 7.3 kg CO2-eq./kg meat in the most intensive system and by 100% in the most extensive system. In this calculation a carbon sequestration
rate of 8 t CO2/ha/year was assumed. The potential of a combination of the addition of lipids to the diet, a cover of the slurry tank and
the application of nitrification inhibitors only had the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 12% thereby marginal abatement
costs are increasing much faster than for agroforestry systems. A reduction of the GHG emissions to 7.5 kg CO2-eq./kg meat—possible with agroforestry only—raised costs between 0.03 CHF/kg meat and 0.38 CHF/kg meat depending on the production
system and the state of the system before the reduction. If GHG emissions were reduced maximally average costs ranged between
0.37 CHF/kg meat, if agroforestry had the potential to reduce net GHG emissions to 0 kg CO2-eq., to 1.17 CHF/kg meat if also other options had to be applied. 相似文献