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231.
Remediation of metal contaminated soil with mineral-amended composts 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
van Herwijnen R Hutchings TR Al-Tabbaa A Moffat AJ Johns ML Ouki SK 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(3):347-354
This study examined the use of two composts derived from green waste and sewage sludge, amended with minerals (clinoptilolite or bentonite), for the remediation of metal-contaminated brownfield sites to transform them into greenspace. Soils contaminated with high or low levels of metals were mixed with the mineral-enhanced composts at different ratios and assessed by leaching tests, biomass production and metal accumulation of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The results showed that the green waste compost reduced the leaching of Cd and Zn up to 48% whereas the composted sewage sludge doubled the leachate concentration of Zn. However, the same soil amended with composted sewage sludge showed an efficient reduction in plant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb or Zn by up to 80%. The results suggest that metal immobilisation and bioavailability are governed by the formation of complexes between the metals and organic matter. The amendment with minerals had only limited effects. 相似文献
232.
233.
Climate change impact assessment is subject to a range of uncertainties due to both incomplete and unknowable knowledge. This
paper presents an approach to quantifying some of these uncertainties within a probabilistic framework. A hierarchical impact
model is developed that addresses uncertainty about future greenhouse gas emissions, the climate sensitivity, and limitations
and unpredictability in general circulation models. The hierarchical model is used in Bayesian Monte-Carlo simulations to
define posterior probability distributions for changes in seasonal-mean temperature and precipitation over the United Kingdom
that are conditional on prior distributions for the model parameters. The application of this approach to an impact model
is demonstrated using a hydrological example.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
234.
Brenda Rashleigh Mike Cyterski Lisa M. Smith Janet A. Nestlerode 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,150(1-4):181-192
The Mobile Bay estuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico provides a rich habitat for many fish and shellfish, including those identified as economically and ecologically important. The National Estuary Program in Mobile Bay has focused on restoration of degraded estuarine habitat on which these species depend. To support this effort, we used statistical techniques of ordination, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis to relate distributions of individual fish and shellfish species and species assemblages to two dozen water quality and habitat variables in a geo-referenced database. Species appeared to respond to dominant gradients of low to high salinity and upland to offshore habitat area; many of the 15 communities identified via cluster analysis showed aggregated spatial distributions that could be related to habitat characteristics. Species in the Mobile River Delta were distinct from those in other areas of the estuary. This analysis supports habitat management in the Mobile Bay estuary; however, due to mobility of organisms among sampling locations and the dynamic environmental conditions in estuaries, we conclude that the analyses presented here are most appropriate for an evaluation of the estuary as a whole. 相似文献
235.
Feng Pan Jinzhu Ma Yunquan Wang Yali Zhang Lihua Chen W. Mike Edmunds 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8023-8034
We developed a coupled water–oil simulation model to simulate the migration and transformation of petroleum-derived contaminants in the soil of the Xifeng oil field. To do so, we used the HYDRUS-2D model, which simulates the diffusion, adsorption or desorption, and microbial degradation of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the soil–water system. The saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of petroleum-derived pollutants was 0.05 cm?day?1, which is about 1 to 2 % of the soil moisture permeability coefficient. Our numerical simulation results show that spilled crude oil was mainly concentrated in the surface horizons of the soil. The organic pollutant concentration tended to be highest nearest to the pollution source. The pollutant migration was generally concentrated within the top 20 to 30 cm of the soil, with the maximum concentration in the top 5 cm of the soil. With passing time, the pollutant accumulation increased and the adsorption and degradation functions reached a dynamic balance with the input rate at depths greater than 30 cm below the soil surface. The oil-derived pollutants totaled 50 to 100 mg?kg?1 under the dynamic balance condition, which occurred after 20 to 30 years. The petroleum-derived pollutant concentration in the loess soil was inversely correlated with the horizontal distance from the oil well, and the concentration decreased greatly at a distance greater than 40 m from the well. 相似文献
236.
237.
Jessica A. Ericson Miles D. Lamare Simon A. Morley Mike F. Barker 《Marine Biology》2010,157(12):2689-2702
Ocean acidification, or the lowering of seawater pH, is caused by sequestration of atmospheric CO2 into the oceans. This study investigated the effects of present-day pH 8.0, predicted ocean surface pH for the years 2100
and 2300 (pH 7.7 and pH 7.3, respectively) and an extreme pH (pH 7.0) on fertilisation and embryogenesis in the Antarctic
nemertean worm Parborlasia corrugatus and sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Fertilisation success was not affected by pH in P. corrugatus across a range of sperm concentrations. Fertilisation success in S. neumayeri declined significantly in pH 7.0 and 7.3 seawater, but only at a low sperm concentration. Seawater pH had no effect on the
rate of egg cleavage in S. neumayeri, or the proportion of abnormal embryos 1-day post-fertilisation. P. corrugatus embryogenesis was also relatively robust to pH changes, with a significant effect detected only when the seawater pH was
decreased to 7.0. While fertilisation and early cell division were relatively robust, later development through to the gastrula
was sensitive to pH. In S. neumayeri, an effect of pH on development was evident by the gastrula stage, while there were significantly more abnormal P. corrugatus embryos in pH 7.0 up to the blastula stage, and in pH 7.0 and pH 7.3 at the coeloblastula stage. Our results are similar
to the observations on other marine invertebrate species where fertilisation and early embryonic development are generally
robust to lowered seawater pH, while the older coeloblastula and gastrula stages are more responsive. We also found no evidence
to suggest that Antarctic species are more adversely affected by lower seawater pH compared with the findings for non-Antarctic
counterparts. We conclude that in the two species we examined, near-future decreases in pH (decreases of ≈0.3–0.5 pH units)
may not have a significant effect on fertilisation and early embryogenesis, while predicted longer term decreases (decreases
of ≈0.7–0.77 pH units) could reduce fertilisation success in S. neumayeri if sperm concentrations are low and may increase abnormalities in P. corrugatus during later embryogenesis. 相似文献
238.
Marissa F. McBride Kerrie A. Wilson Yi-Chin Fang David Olson Mike O’Connell 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(19):2243-2680
Ecological restoration is an increasingly important tool for managing and improving highly degraded or altered environments. Faced with a large number of sites or ecosystems to restore, and a diverse array of restoration approaches, investments in ecological restoration must be prioritized. Nevertheless, there are relatively few examples of the systematic prioritization of restoration actions. The development of a general theory for ecological restoration that is sufficiently sophisticated and robust to account for the inherent complexity of restoration planning, and yet is flexible and adaptable to ensure applicability to a diverse array of restoration problems is needed. In this paper we draw on principles from systematic conservation planning to explicitly formulate the ‘restoration prioritization problem’. We develop a generalized theory for static and dynamic restoration planning problems, and illustrate how the basic problem formulation can be expanded to allow for many factors characteristic of restoration problems, including spatial dependencies, the possibility of restoration failure, and the choice of multiple restoration techniques. We illustrate the applicability of our generic problem definition by applying it to a case study - restoration prioritization on The Irvine Ranch Natural Landmark in Southern California. Through this case study we illustrate how the definition of the general restoration problem can be extended to account for the specific constraints and considerations of an on-the-ground restoration problem. 相似文献
239.
Hall Jane Reynolds Brian Langan Simon Hornung Mike Kennedy Fiona Aherne Julian 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(1-2):43-56
The Simple Mass Balance (SMB)equation has been developed and used as one ofthe principal methods for calculating criticalloads of acidity for forest ecosystems. Criticalloads have formed the basis for informing policyrelated to the control and abatement of emissionsof acidifying pollutants. The SMB equationrelies on a variety of assumptions and dataderived from a variety of sources. Each of thesecomponent constituents has a potential source oferror depending on the method(s) used for theirderivation and the value(s) assigned. The resultis the possibility of generating a range ofcritical load values for a single ecosystem. This paper summarises the SMB equation, examinesthe uncertainties in deriving input values andreviews other works on the key assumptions. 相似文献
240.
Regional Environmental Change - The management of water resources requires the effective performance of a diverse variety of multi-scalar functions if it is to achieve its public objectives. It is... 相似文献