Preliminary environmental impact assessment of PFOS waste treatment in a lab-scale batch subcritical water decomposition operation

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out by SimaPro 7.3 to study the environmental impact of a lab-scale batch subcritical water decomposition operation for a kilogram of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) waste treatment in this study, a proven process for the decomposition of PFOS pollutants with high concentration. This LCA focuses on not only the main environmental factors from emissions of toxic pollutants, but also the influence from technical characteristics of the iron-induced subcritical water technology including energy and substances consumption during the subcritical water decomposition treatment process. The IMPACT 2002+ environmental model was used to evaluate the 15 midpoint and 4 end-point environmental damages. It was found that the energy consumption to sustain the high temperature (350 °C) and high pressure (23 MPa) in the subcritical water process contributes 99.8 % of the damages. The total negative impact of the SCWD process for 1 kg of PFOS waste treatment to human health, ecological quality, climate change and resources amounts to 1.11 × 10^?3, 8.43 × 10^?5, 9.76 × 10^?4, 9.05 × 10^?4 Pt, respectively. And the improvement of energy efficiency and catalytic effectiveness are two important factors to reduce the environmental impact from the SCWD process for the treatment of PFOS waste.     

Source Identification and Trends in Concentrations of Gaseous and Fine Particulate Principal Species in Seoul,South Korea

Abstract

Ambient measurements were made using two sets of annular denuder system during the four seasons (April 2001 to February 2002) and were then compared with the results during the period of 1996–1997 to estimate the trends and seasonal variations in concentrations of gaseous and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) principal species. Annual averages of gaseous HNO₃ and NH₃ increased by 11% and 6%, respectively, compared with those of the previous study, whereas HONO and SO₂ decreased by 11% and 136%, respectively. The PM_2.5 concentration decreased by ～17%, 35% for SO₄ ^2?, and 29% for NH₄ ⁺, whereas NO₃ ^? increased by 21%. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were 12.8 and 5.98 μg/m^-3, accounting for ～26 and 12% of PM_2.5 concentration, respectively. The species studied accounted for 84% of PM_2.5 concentration, ranging from 76% in winter to 97% in summer.

Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was used to identify possible source areas affecting air pollution levels at a receptor site in Seoul. High possible source areas in concentrations of PM_2.5, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, NH₄ ⁺, and K⁺ were coastal cities of Liaoning province (possibly emissions from oil-fired boilers on ocean liners and fishing vessels and industrial emissions), inland areas of Heibei/Shandong provinces (the highest density areas of agricultural production and population) in China, and typical port cities (Mokpo, Yeosu, and Busan) of South Korea. In the PSCF map for OC, high possible source areas were also coastal cities of Liaoning province and inland areas of Heibei/Shandong provinces in China. In contrast, high possible source areas of EC were highlighted in the south of the Yellow Sea, indicating possible emissions from oil-fired boilers on large ships between South Korea and Southeast Asia. In summary, the PSCF results may suggest that air pollution levels in Seoul are affected considerably by long-range transport from external areas, such as the coastal zone in China and other cities in South Korea, as well as Seoul itself.     

Airborne bacterial reduction by spraying slightly acidic electrolyzed water in a laying-hen house

Spraying slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been considered as a potential approach to reduce airborne bacteria in laying-hen houses. In this study, the effects of spraying SAEW on airborne bacterial reduction were investigated in a laying-hen house as compared with using diluted didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB). Averaged air temperature reduced by approximate 1 °C and average relative humidity increased by 3% at a stable ventilation rate (about 2.5 m³ hr^?1 per bird) in the laying-hen house 30 min after spraying (120 mL m^?2). Compared with the control without spraying, the airborne bacterial concentration was reduced by about 0.70 and 0.37 log₁₀ colony-forming units (CFU) m^?3 in the 4 hr after spraying 120 mL m^?2 SAEW (available chlorine concentration [ACC] of 156 mg L^?1) and diluted DDAB (active compound concentration of 167 mg L^?1), respectively. Compared with spraying diluted DDAB, spraying SAEW was determined to be more effective for reducing airborne bacterial in laying-hen houses. The effects of spraying SAEW and diluted DDAB on airborne bacterial reduction in the laying-hen house increased with the increasing available chlorine concentrations for SAEW (156, 206, 262 mg L^?1) and increasing active compound concentrations for diluted DDAB (167, 333, 500 mg L^?1), respectively. Spraying SAEW and diluted DDAB with two levels of spraying volumes (120 and 90 mL m^?2) both showed significant differences on airborne bacterial reduction in the laying-hen house (P < 0.05).

Implications: It is difficult to effectively reduce airborne bacteria in laying-hen houses. This work describes the application of spraying slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a new approach for reducing airborne bacteria in a laying-hen house. The effects of active compound concentrations and spray volumes on the airborne bacterial reductions by spraying SAEW were also investigated. This study provided a new effective and environmentally friendly approach to reduce the airborne bacteria in poultry houses, contributing to bird housing environment management and improving bird health.     

Effects of estrone on the early life stages and expression of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor genes of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The fertilized eggs of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to estrone (E1) at 5–5000 ng L⁻¹ for 15 d, and the hatched fry were exposed continuously to the same concentrations for the additional 15 d. Adverse effects on hatchability, time to hatching, and gross abnormalities occurred at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. Then the fry were divided into a continual exposure group, and a water recovery group. When the fry were exposed to E1 for another 60 d, there was a decrease in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of males and the influence disappeared in the water recovery group. The gonadosonatic index (GSI) of females at 500 ng L⁻¹ decreased significantly in another 60 d exposure. While the fry were maintained in dechlorinated tap water for 60 d, a significant decrease in female GSI was observed at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. An increased GSI was found in males in both continual exposure and water recovery groups at all E1 treatments. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that vitellogenin-I (Vtg-I) gene expressions in the female liver were significantly down-regulated at 50 ng L⁻¹ in the continual exposure group, and at 500 ng L⁻¹ in the water recovery group, while male Vtg-I genes were significantly up-regulated for all E1 treatments. In addition, all E1 treatments caused sex reversal of males. These results suggest that E1 at 5 ng L⁻¹ or above have unrecoverable impacts on the gonadal growth and development of medaka, even if only early life stages were exposed to E1.     

冶金工厂呼吸性粉尘危害分布的研究

对 7个钢铁公司 2 5个工厂 1390个测点呼吸性粉尘最高容许浓度测定和游离二氧化硅含量进行分析 ,将呼吸性粉尘浓度分布分为三类 ,得出各类浓度分布柱状图和累积分布曲线 ,一、二、三类的呼吸性粉尘平均浓度分别为 2 .49mg/ m3、7.14m g/ m3 和 2 2 .1m g/ m3。 Si O2 [F]含量的分布规律是 <10 %占 73% ,10 %～ 5 0 %占 2 5 .5 % ,>5 0 %占 1.5 %。     

Some potential hazardous trace elements contamination and their ecological risk in sediments of western Chaohu Lake, China

The Chaohu is one of the largest five freshwater lakes in China. It provides freshwater for agriculture, life, and part of industry. The quality of water becomes worst and worst due to the toxic matter. In this study, we collected the samples from the sedimentary mud in the lake. The distribution of some potential hazardous trace elements (Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in the sediments of western Chaohu Lake, has been determined and studied, and the enrichment factors, the index of geoaccumulation, and potential ecological risk were analyzed and calculated. The results show that: the levels of selected potential hazardous trace element vary from different sampling sites and significant anthropogenic impact of Pb and Cd occur in sediments. The contamination rank of Pb and Cd are moderate, and Pb has a light potential ecological risk, but Cd is heavy. The total potential ecological risk of the selected hazardous trace elements in this study in Chaohu Lake is moderate. Cluster and correlation analysis indicate that the selected potential hazardous trace element pollutant has different source and co-contamination also occur in sediments.     

挖掘机驾驶舱噪声有限元仿真分析

建立了挖掘机驾驶舱有限元的结构和声学耦合模型,分别考虑了驾驶舱内吸声材料及门板孔缝对车厢内噪声的影响,利用ACTRAN软件的直接频响方法计算出驾驶员耳旁噪声及驾驶舱内的声场分布,并对不同的结果进行了对比。该方法及结果对挖掘机驾驶舱的降噪具有实际的参考意义。     

“预处理+水解酸化+活性污泥法”处理再生纸废水

介绍水解酸化+活性污泥法处理再生纸废水系统的设计及运行;运行结果表明:该工艺处理该类废水完全可行,运行效果稳定,出水完全达广东省地方标准DB 44/26—2001《水污染物排放限值》。     

Experimental study on microalgae cultivation in novel photobioreactor of concentric double tubes with aeration pores along tube length direction

Microalgae have been identified as a superior feedstock for biodiesel production and varied tubular photobioreactors are developed for high efficient and scale-up microalgae cultivation. This article presented a novel concentric double tubes using aeration through radial pores along the length direction of inner tube. Experiments on microalgae cultivation were carried out in the novel photobioreactor, and two control groups including concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular. The biomass productivity of novel photobioreactor increased by 43.6% and 107.4%, respectively, compared with concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular without aeration. The values of pH shifted from 7.5 to 9.0 for novel photobioreactor, but 7.5 to 8.8 for common tubular, and 7.5 to 9.6 for concentric double tubes with axial aeration. The dissolved oxygen concentration fluctuated between 6.0 and 7.0 mg·L^?1 for novel photobioreactor, but rose from 6.6 to 10.2 mg·L^?1 for the common tubular, and 6.9 to 8.1 mg·L^?1 for the concentric with axial aeration. Results show that the aeration style of novel photobioreactor can make efficient local mixing and maintain smaller range of pH and lower level of dissolved oxygen in case of higher biomass concentration. Moreover, compared with the two control groups, the novel concentric double tubes have advantages on the light/dark cycle frequency, which may be benefit for microalgae cultivation. The novel concentric double tubes presented in this work can give some inspiration for high efficiency microalgae cultivation.     

中国环境影响评价机构现状评价及优化调整思路

根据环境保护部环境工程评估中心公布的数据,中国环境影响评价机构现状特点是：环评机构的主要类型以科研院所占比例最大,其次是公司,最少的是高等院校;区域分布特点是东部多,西部少,经济发达地区多。经济欠发达地区少;评价范围特点是从事社会区域类别的环评机构最多,其次是化工石化医药类。同时,结合中国地区经济数据和市场化的要求,指出中国环评机构的数量与区域经济状况不对称,部分环评机构的评价范围与区域产业结构不匹配,环评机构市场化程度不高。最后,提出优化中国环境影响评价机构的建议。